Endocrinology

Front 1

types of anterior pituitary hyperfunctions

Back 1

prolactinoma, GH hypersecretion (acromegaly, gigantism), cushing's disease

Front 2

classic staining of tumor cells for prolactinoma, GH hypersecretion, Cushing's disease

Back 2

chromophobic, acidophilic, basophilic

Front 3

types of anterior pituitary hypofunctions

Back 3

Simmonds disease (generalized panhypopituitarism), single hormone deficiencies

Front 4

frequent causes of Simmond's disease (pituitary cachexia)

Back 4

pituitary tumors, postpartum pituitary necrosis (sheehan syndrome)

Front 5

Sheehan syndrome

Back 5

postpartum pituitary necrosis - characteristic of hemorrhage and shock, first you lose gonadotropins, then TSH and ACTH

Front 6

symptoms of GH hyposecretion

Back 6

dwarfism, hypoglycemia, insulin sensitivity, anemia, decreased muscle strength

Front 7

function of oxytocin

Back 7

induces uterine contraction and milk ejection from mammary alveoli

Front 8

frequent cause of SIADH

Back 8

ectopic ADH secreting tumor (ie small cell carcinoma in the lungs)

Front 9

symptoms of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas

Back 9

headache, hypopituitarism, visual loss, cranial nerve palsy

Front 10

craniopharyngioma

Back 10

childhood benign tumor, remnats of the Rathke pouch, not a true pituitary tumor, characteristics include nests and cords of squamous or columnar cells in loose stroma (~embryonic tooth bud enamel organ), often cystic, often expands into papillary projections

Front 11

Nelson syndrome

Back 11

pituitary adenoma due to bilateral adrenectomy

Front 12

empty sella syndrome

Back 12

hypopituitarism caused by conditions that destroy all or part of the pituitary

Front 13

serum T3 and T4 bound to what?

Back 13

thyroid-binding globulin (TBG)

Front 14

congenital anomalies for thyroid gland

Back 14

thyroglossal duct cyst (most common, does NOT lead to alterations in thyroid function); ectopic thyroid tissue

Front 15

causes of goiters

Back 15

Due to suppression of thyroid hormone production which inhibits negative feedback to TSH.
ie. iodine deficiency, hashimoto's thyroiditis, physiological enlargement (puberty or pregnancy), goitrogens (suppress thyroid hormone production), dyshormonogenesis

Front 16

laboratory abnormalities in hypothyroidism

Back 16

decreased serum T4, decreased total T4, increased serum cholesterol, decreased T3 resin uptake

Front 17

clinical syndromes of hypothyroidism

Back 17

adults - myxedema; children - cretinism

Front 18

causes of myxedema

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treatment for hyperthyroidism, hashimoto's thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, idiopathic

Front 19

clinical characteristics of myxedema

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cold intolerance, weight gain (low metabolism), lower pitch voice, slowness, constipation, face puffiness, dry skin, hair loss, increase relaxation phase of deep tendon reflexes

Front 20

causes of cretinism

Back 20

iodine deficiency, failure of thyroid migration from tongue, maldevelopment of thyroid, enzyme deficiencies for thyroid hormone production, transplacental transfer of autoimmune antibodies

Front 21

clinical characteristics of cretinism

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mental retardation, dwarfism, large tongue, protuberant abdomen

Front 22

clinical features of hyperthyroidism

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restlessness, heat intolerance, tremor, weight loss, muscle wasting, diarrhea, tachycardia/arrhythmias, amenorrhea, *exophthalmos (proptosis due to cross-autoimmunity)

Front 23

what is grave's disease?

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hyperthyroidism due to diffuse toxic goiter

Front 24

epidemiology of grave's disease

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more common in women than men; incidence is increased in HLA-DR3 and HLA-B8 positive individuals

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mechanism of grave's disease

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thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) reactes with TSH receptors; thyroid growth immunoglobulin stimulates hyperplasia and enlargement

Front 26

causes of hyperthyroidism

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grave's disease, plummer disease, pit hyperfunction, struma ovarii, exogenous administration of thyroid hormones

Front 27

plummer disease

Back 27

combination of hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, and absence of exophthalmos

Front 28

Struma ovarii

Back 28

ovarian teratoma made up of thyroid tissue

Front 29

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Back 29

autoimmune disorder with a slow, inapparent course (first euthyroid, then hyperthyroid, then late hypothyroidism) that causes hypothyroidism.

Front 30

histological characteristic of hashimoto's thyroiditis

Back 30

massive lymphocyte infiltrate with germinal center formation