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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the differences between the Endocrine System and the Nervous System
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Endocrine: long term/ metablolic activity, acts slower, released into blood
Nervous: short term, acts quickly, confined to snynapse |
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Amino Acid Derivatives
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- Throid hormone
- Binds to nucleus and mitochondria - Direct acting |
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Peptide Derivatives
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- chains of amino acids
- LH, FSH, ACTH, PRL, GH, TSH, MSH,ADH, Oxytocin - Indirect acting |
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Lipid Derivatives
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- Direct acting
- Steroids/ sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen - Eicosanoids: prostaglandin |
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Indirect Acting Hormone:
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase |
1. G protien acivated
2. Adenylate cyclase activated 3. cAMP acts as 2nd messenger 4. Kinase activated >> opens ion channels >> activates more enzymes |
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Indirect Acting Hormone:
Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase |
1. G protien acivated
2. PDE activated 3. cAMP breaks down 4. cAMP reduce: enzyme inhibition |
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Indirect Acting Hormone:
Ca2+ Levels |
Activation of PLC
1. Release IP3 - causes Ca2+ ^ when released from ER 2. DAG > protien Kinase C - IP3 ^ Ca2= - ion channels in cm open bringing Ca2+ into EFC 3. Increase Ca2+ and w/ Calmodilin activated enzymes |
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Direct Acting Hormones:
Steroid Hormone |
1. Diffuse through membrane
2. bind to hormone receptor 3. bind hormone to DNA 4. Activate Gene 5. Transcription and production of mRNA 6. Translation and protien synthesis 7. Target Cell response |
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Direct Acting Hormones:
Thyroid Hormone |
1. Diffuse through membrane
2. bind to hormone receptor at mitochondria and nucleus 3. bind hormone to DNA 4. Activate Gene 5. Transcription and production of mRNA 6. Translation and protien synthesis 7. Target Cell response |
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3 Ways Hormones are Released
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1. Endocrine Reflex
2. Neuroendocrine Relfex 3. Humoral Stimuli |
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3 Ways Hormones are Released
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1. Endocrine Reflex
2. Neuroendocrine Reflex 3. Humoral Stimuli |
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Endocrine Reflex
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- Hypothalamus secretes RH
- Ant. Pit. secretes hormones - secretion or hormones from other glands |
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Neuroendocrine Reflex
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- Hypothalamus produces and stores hormones
- released by Post. Pit. - directly on Adrenal Medulla |
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Pituitary Gland
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- 9 Peptide/ Indirect acting
- Anterior Adreohypophysis - Posterior Neurohypophysis |
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Anterior Pituitary:
Portal System |
- fenestrated capillaries
- pick up RH in hypothalamus - send to target cells of Ant. Pit. |
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Anterior Pituitary:
Hormones |
1.TSH
2.ACTH 3.FSH 4.LH 5.PRL 6.GH 7.MSH |
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TSH
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
1. Hypothalamus > TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) 2. Release TSH from Ant. Pit. 3. Triggers release of Thyroid Hormones from Thyroid Gland |
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ACTH
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
1. Hypothalamus > CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) 2. Release ACTH from Ant. Pit. 3. Triggers release of glucocorticoids from Adrenal Cortex: Zona Fasciculata |
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FSH
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone
1. Hypothalamus > GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) 2. Release FSH from Ant. Pit. 3. Stimulates follicular development - estrogen secretion on women -sperm production in males |
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LH
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Leutinizing Hormone
1. Hypothalamus > GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) 2. Release LH from Ant. Pit. 3. Causes ovulation and progesterone production on females - androgen production in males |
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PRL
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Prolactin
- Stimulates Development of mammary glands and milk production |
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GH
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Growth Hormone
- Stimulates cells growth and replication 1. GH-RH 2. GH-IH |
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MSH
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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
- Secreted btw Ant. and Post. - Secrete during fetal, early childhood, pregnancy, and illness - produces melanin |
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Posterior Pituitary:
Hormones |
1. ADH
2. Oxytocin |
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ADH
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- Decrease water loss in kidneys
- reabsorb water in kidneys - ^ BV/ BP |
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Oxytocin
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- Stimulates contraction in mammary glands
- " in smooth muscle cells of uterus - overcome anxiety : comfort/ trust |
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Thyroid Gland
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- 2 lobes/ ISTHMUS
- Contains Follicles > follicular cells release T3 and T4 > C-cells produce Calcitonin |
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Production of T3 and T4
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1. Absorb I- in blood
- TSH opens ion channel 2. I- + tyrosine = hormone 3. w/ thyroid peridoxidase hormone > thyroglobulin in colloid 4. edndocytosis 5. Lysosomes break down and recycle A.A. 6. T3 and T4 diffuse into blood |
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Parathyroid Hormone
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- Cheif Cells: parathyroid hormone
- parathyroid hormone + calcitriol regulate calcium |
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Increased Levels of Ca2+
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Calcitonin
- increase excretion in kidneys - inhibit osteoclasts |
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Decreased Levels of Ca2+
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Parathyroid Hormone
- stimulate osteoclasts - reabsorb Ca2+ in Kidneys - stimulate Calcitriol in Kidneys to ^ Ca2+ |
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Adrenal Gland:
Adrenal Cortex |
1. Zona Glomerulosa
- mineralcorticoids 2. Zona Fasciculata - glucocorticoids 3. Zona Recticularis - androgens (minimal testosterone) |
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Zona Glomerulosa
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Mineralcorticoids
-> Aldosterone - conserves Na+ - eliminates K+ - reabsorbs water > RAS |
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Zona Glomerulosa: RAS
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Renin Angiotensin System
LOW BLOOD PRESSURE - Renin -> Aniotensin I -> Angiotensin II: vasoconstrictor - aldosterone/ ADH released: ^BV/ ^BP |
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Zona Fasciculata
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Glucocorticoids
- adequate glucose in blood 1. break down glycogen > glucose (mus. and liver) 2. glyconeogenesis (A.A. build glucose 3. Adipose tissue : glucose sparing effect 4. Antiinflamatory |
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Pineal Gland
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- Pinealocytes
- synthesize melatonin Function: - protect damage - circadian rhythms (SAD) - inhibit reproduction |
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Pancreas
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Pancreatic Islets
-Alpha : Glucagon -Beta : Insulin -Delta : GH-IH -F cells: Pancreatic peptides |
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Insulin
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- lowers blood sugar
- increases rate of sugar utilization |
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Glucagon
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- increases blood sugar
- increase rate of sugar break down and production by liver |
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HIGH Blood Sugar
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Insulin
1. sugar faster to cells 2. use more sugar and ATP 3. glucose to glycogen 4. more A.A. absorption 5. more fat synthesis |
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LOW Bood Sugar
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Glucagon
1. gycogen > glucose 2. fats > fatty acids 3. more production and release of glucose |
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The Kidneys
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- 2 Hormones: Calcitriol, EPO
- 1 Enzyme: Renin |
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Calcitriol
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Stimulates Ca2+ absorption in digestive tract
(works with parathyroid hormone) |
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EPO
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erythropoietin
- stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow |
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Renin
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Converts angiotensin to angiotensin I (indirectly into angiotensin II)
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Angiotensin II
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- In lungs
- Vasoconstrictor - stim Adrenal production of Aldosterone ^BV/BP - Stim Pit. Gland release ADH - Thirst |
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The Heart
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- Natriuretic Peptides when blood pressure too high
- inhibit Aldosterone/ ADH |
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The Thymus
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thymosins
- maintain immune defenses |
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The Gonads
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-Interstitial cells of testes produce testosterone
- females, oocytes develop in follicles: produce estrogens - After ovulation, the follicle cells form an endocrine structure called the corpus luteum that releases a mixture of estrogens and progesterone |
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Growth
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GH
Thyroid hormones Insulin PTH Calcitriol Reproductive hormones |
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Stress
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any condition that threatens homeostasis (physical/emotional)
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GAS
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1. Alarm Phase (immediate, fight or flight, directed by the sympathetic nervous system)
2. Resistance Phase (dominated by glucocorticoids) 3. Exhaustion Phase (breakdown of homeostatic regulation and failure of one or more organ systems) |
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HYPOthyroidism
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- Decrease in T3 and T4
- Low Metabolism - Fatigue - Increase body weight - Lethargic and Weak RX: Sythroid |
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Cretinism
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Hypothyroidism in Infant
- no gland/ inactive gland @ birth - mother not enough T3 or T4 - Muscular problems - Mental Retardation |
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HYPERthyroidism
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- Increase secretion of T3 and T4
- Increase metabolic rate - Thin - Increased energy production - fatigue RX: PTU |
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Thyroid Goiter
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I- defficiency > can't make T3 and T4
- compmress trachea, esophagus, BV in neck |
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Male Reproductive System: Pathway of Spermatozoa
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- Seminiferous Tubules
- Epididymis - Vas Deferens - Ejactulatory duct |
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Male Reproductive System: Accesory Glands/Organs
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- Seminal Vesicles
- Prostate Gland - Bulbourethral Gland - Scrotum encloses testes - Penis |
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Crematser
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Muscle of scrotal sac
- pulls scrotum close to body - regulaes scrotal temperature |
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Tunica Albuginea
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Connective Tissue surrounding testes
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Septa
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Partition from Tunica Albuginea to Epididymus
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Seminiferous Tubules
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- Spermatozoa produced
- " pass through rete testis to epididymus - epididymus > vas deferens - Interstitial cells: testosterone |
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Spermatgenesis
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1. Mitosis
2. Meosis 3. Spermiogenisis |