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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What condition might lead to peeing on your shoes?
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Hypospadia
(abnormal opening of the urethra along the ventral aspect of penis |
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What conditions are commonly associated with Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles)?
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Epispadias Hypospadias Sterility and testicular cancer
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What condition is an abnormal lesion on the dorsal surface of the penis?
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Epispadia
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What is an inflammation of glans penis, which can be generalized, localized, viral induced, fungal infection, bacteria, or INFECTION?
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Balanitis
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What is an inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce (foreskin)?
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Balanoposthitis
(this does not occur in circumcised men) |
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What is the inability to easily retract the prepuce over the glans penis that can lead to inflammation and infection and is treated with circumcision?
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Phimosis
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What is this dysplasia that runs throughout all of the layers of the squamous surface covering, presents as a grayish white solitary, plaque-like lesion of the shaft due to increased keritosis and acanthosis (analogous to leukoplakia in the oral cavity) and may progress to SCC?
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Bowen Disease
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What neoplasm presents as erythematous patches on the glans penis (analogous to erythroplakia in the mouth) More Likely To Become Invasive than Bowen's Disease?
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Erythroplasia of Queyrat
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What presents as little lumps/bumps that develop, reddish brown papules, HPV lesions of the shaft
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Bowenoid Papulosis
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What type is the most common type of carcinoma of the penis?
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SCC of the glans or Prepuce
-accounts for 0.25% of cancers in men -pts are most often uncircumsized w/poor hygiene & HPV 16&18+ -treated by penectomy |
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What is a rare condition where there is no formation of the scrotum, so the testicles do not descend?
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Agenesis of the Scrotum
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*What is an accumilation of SEROUS fluid within the tunica vaginalis causing scrotal enlargement?
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Hydrocele
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*What is an accumilation of BLOOD within the tunica vaginalis causing scrotal enlargement?
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Hematocele
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*What is an accumilation of LYMPH fluid within the tunica vaginalis causing scrotal enlargement?
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Chylocele
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*What is swelling of the spermatic cord veins causing scrotal enlargement?
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Varicocele
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*What is the dilated efferent ductile of epididymus causing scrotal enlargement?
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Spermatocele
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*What is the risk of testicular cancer in patients who have Cryptorchidism?
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4x more likely to develop testicular cancer
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When should the testicals descend in a normal male?
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one year old
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What type of testicular inflammation is caused by UTI, STD: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea; System: Tuberculosis?
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Epididymitis
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What type of Testicular Inflammation is caused by UTI, mumps, tuberculosis, Mumps?
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Orchitis
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What type of neoplasms account 95% of testicular neoplasms?
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Malignant neoplasms
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What age ranges are testicular cancers most prevalent?
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Malignant Seminoma
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What testicular cancer always makes hCG?
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Choriocarcinoma
(note: a man with stage III choriocarcinoma is unlikely to survive) |
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T/F
Spermatocytic seminomas are the same thing as seminomas. |
False they have nothing to do with seminomas
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What are three of the most frequent malignant testicular neoplasms?
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1) Seminoma
2) Embryonal carcinoma 3) Choricarcinoma |
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What is stage I of testicular neoplasms?
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Primary tumor confined to the testes
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What is stage II of testicular neoplasms?
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Metastasis confined to retroperitoneal nodes below level of diaphragm
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What is stage III of testicular neoplasms?
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Metastasis beyond retroperitoneal lymph nodes
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What does the prognosis of testicular neoplasms depend upon?
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The stage and Histologic type
i.e. stage II and Non-seminoma |
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T/F
There is a very high chance for cure of seminomas. |
True
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What type of testicular neoplasm has the worse prognosis?
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Stage III Non-seminoma
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What is the general prognosis for testicular cancer?
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Very good (96% survival rate)
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What are two different Tumor markers secreted by Germ-cell Neoplasms?
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hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin)
AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) |
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Only 10% of Seminomas make any markers. If you are going to find anything it will be ______.
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hCG
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What protein serves as a marker in liver cancer and testicular cancer?
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AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)
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Which tumors ALWAYs make AFP?
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Yolk Sac Tumors
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Which tumors ALWAYs make hCG?
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Choriocarcinomas
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T/F
Seminomas may have a good prognosis and an intermediate prognosis, but never have a poor prognosis. |
True
HCG and LDH can be at any level but there is NO poor prognosis of SEMINOMAS |
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What levels do we want our chemical markers at when assessing testicular prognosis of GOOD?
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GOOD MARKERS
AFP<1,000 hCG<5,000 LDH<1.5 |
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What are the three tumor markers secreted by germ cell neoplasms?
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hCG
AFP LDH (lactic acid dehydrogenase) |
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What is the prognosis of a patient with No non-lung spread with AFP=1,000-10,000; hCG=5,000-50,000; and LDH=1.5-10 for Non-seminomas?
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Intermediate prognosis
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What is the most common cancer in men?
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Prostate Cancer
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What is the main consequence of having a problem with your prostate gland?
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Constricts flow through the urethra, leading to:
-difficulty emptying the bladder -pressure on kidneys -ascending bacterial infections causing pyelonephritis |
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Where does prostate hyperplasia usually occur?
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Prostate hyperplasia usually occurs in the central and transitional zones
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Where does prostate cancer usually form?
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The Peripheral Zone
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What neoplasm is swollen, red, and always welcome at Dr. Hirsch's house?
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MONKEY BUTT
(wow I am tired of studying) |
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What is caused by cell replication of epithelial and stromal elements following DHT concentration?
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Nodular Hyperplasia
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Which cell generates Dihydroxytestosterone in nodular hyperplasia?
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The Stromal Cell
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T/F
Nodular hyperplasia alone causes increased risk of cancer to the prostate |
False
It is not the nodular hyperplasia by itself. It is the nodular hyperplasia + inflammatory atrophy that leads to increased risk of prostate cancer |
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What leads to increased risk of prostate cancer, involving DHT?
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Nodular Hyperplasia & Inflammatory Atrophy
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Where does prostate cancer usually occur?
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In the periphery of the gland (not in the central peri-urethral zone)
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T/F
PSA is a NORMAL expressed protein from prostate cells |
True
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What could an elevation of PSA indicate?
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1) Prostatitis
2) Nodular hyperplasia 3) Prostate Cancer |
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T/F
PSA >4.0ng/L alone is a good indicator of prostate cancer |
False Elevated PSA + another test is necessary
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What are some methods of determining prostate cancer?
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1) Transrectal Ultrasonography
2) Needle Biopsy 3) Digital Rectal Examination |
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What is a good indicator of whether or not prostate cancer has metastasized?
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Elevation of Acid Phosphatase Levels
(*only found when prostate cancer has extended beyond the capsule or has metastasized*) |