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330 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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Anatomical Terms

Basic Study Of the human body includes the study of anatomy and physiologyAn

Anatomy

The Structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other

The Study of the body’s structure or design

Anatomy

Physiology

The Function of the living body and its parts (how the body works)

Anatomical Position

The patient is standing erect, facing forward, with arms down at the sides and palms forward

The point of reference whenever terms of direction and Location are used

Anatomical Position

Supine

The Patient is lying face up on his back

Prone

Patient lying face down on his stomach

Lateral Recumbent Position (Recovery Position)

The patient is lying on his left or right side

Lateral Recumbent Position (Recovery Position)

The patient is lying on his left or right side

Monitor Airway by

Placing patient on his side

Fowler Position

The patient is lying on his back with the upper body elevated to a 45 degrees to 60 degrees angle (sitting up Position)

Semi Fowler Position

The Patient is lying on his back with the upper body elevated at a angle less than 45 degrees

Trendelenburg Position

The patient is lying on his back with the legs elevated higher than the head and body on a inclined plan

Shock Position

Feet and legs elevated 12 inches

Anatomical planes

Imaginary division of the body

Sagittal plane

Is a vertical plan that runs lengthwise and divides the body into right and left segments

Muscles move how many directions

One direction

Mid Sagittal Plane

Plane divides body into two equal half’s

Frontal Plane(Coronal Plane)

Divides Body into front and back halves

Transverse plane (Horizontal Plane)

Parallel with the ground and divides the body into front and back halves

How do we breathe

Pressure gradient

How fast are kids metabolic rate

Fast

Apnea

Without breath

Dyspnea

Difficulty breathing

Cardiovascular system

Delivers oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

How many chambers in the heart

Four

The heart has

Chambers and valves

Midline

Divides body in equal halves

Arteries

Move blood away from the heart

Blood

Rbc(Red Blood Cells) ,WBCs White Blood Cells, Platelets Plasma

Anterior Plane

Patient Front

Posterior plane

Patients Back

Midaxillary line

Verticals line drawn side to side through the body from the midaxillary line on the opposite side forms the frontal plane and divides and divides body into anterior Plane

Normal blood pressure

120/80

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Hypotension

Low blood pressure

The Lymphatic System

Movement of fluid, immunity

Lymph vessels and nodes , and spleen are the functional division of

The Lymphatic system

The Lymphatic system does what

Fight off infection

Lymphatic system has no what?

Pump

What is apart of the nervous system

Brain and spine

What is the purpose of the nervous system

Controls all basic functions and responses to external changes

Sensory neurons job?

Sense things

A sensory neuron

Transmits impulses from receptors

Motor neuron

Transmits impulses to effectors

Peripheral nervous system

Sensory nerves or motor nerve

Reflexes are design for

To warn you of a Imminent threat

Transverse line

A horizontal line drawn through the body ,front to back, at the waist forms the transverse plane and divides the body into superior plane

Superior System

Above waist

Inferior Plane

Below waist

Dorsal

Back(Back Bone)

Ventral

Front (Belly) Abdomen

Pancreas

Insulin and glucagon

Where does the digestive system start?

Mouth

Decides wether food goes down

Epiglottis

Medial

Towards the middle or center of body

Reproductive System

Reproduce

Lateral

Refers to the left or right of midline , or away from the midline of the body

Bilateral

Left and right (both Sides)

What is the reason for the spleen

Makes blood, stores blood, filters blood

Unilateral

One side

Ipsilateral

Same side

Scope of Practice

The Action or care a EMT is legally allowed to perform as defined by state Law

The National Academies


NAS-NRC 1966 “Accidental death and Disability: “The neglected disease of modern Society “

Expert Consultants returning from Vietnam have asserted that, if seriously injured, their chances of survival would be better in the zone of combat than on the average city street

NAC-NRC “White Paper “ Recommendations

Vehicles


Attendants


Communication


Access


Central dispatch


Medical control physicians


Hospital designation


Public information

1994: NHTSA Technical Assistance Program Standards

Regulation and Policy


Resource Management


Human Resources and training


Transportation


Facilities

1994: NHTSA Technical Assistance Program Standards

Regulation and Policy


Resource Management


Human Resources and training


Transportation


Facilities

EMS System

Network of coordinated services that provide aid and medical care to the community


Work as a unified whole to meet the emergency care of a community

EMS system components

Regulation and Policy


Resource management


Human Resources and training


Transportation


Facilities

EMS System Components

Communication


Public information and education


Medical direction


Trauma system


Evaluation

Virginia EMS

EMS advisory Board


Department of Health,Office of EMS


Regional EMS Planning Councils


Local EMS Agencies

Virginia EMS Regulation and Policy

Virginia EMS Advisory Board:


Medical Direction Committee


Training and certification committee


Transportation Committees


Emergency management committee


Trauma system oversight committee


Board of Health:


Office of EMS

Other Public Safety Personnel

Critical Care transport


Hazardous Materials Technicians


Rescue Technicians


Law Enforcement


Firefighters

Virginia Levels of Certification

Emergency Medical Responder


Emergency Medical Technician


Emergency Medical Technician Advanced


Emergency Medical Technician: Intermediate


Paramedic

Emergency Departments

Adult or Pediatrics

Special Hospitals

Trauma Centers


Cardiac Centers


Burn Centers


Pediatric Centers


OB Centers


Psychiatric Centers


Poison Control Centers

Facilities Hospital: Personnel

Physicians


Nurses


Allied health:


Technologists


Therapist


EMS providers

Operational Medical Director

Physician who is legally responsible for all clinical and patient-care aspects of an EMS Agency

Medical Control

Off Line:


Medical Policies, procedures and practices that the agency physician has set up in advance


Required by regulation


Required to practice

Protocols

Standing Orders, policies and procedures for the patient care aspects of an EMS system that have been approved by the OMD:


Treatment


Transport


Transfer

Medical Control : On-Line

Physician gives direct orders by radio or telephone

System Access Communication

PSAP:


911


Non- 911

EMS Primary Responsibility’s

*Personal Safety


Safety Of Crew, Patient, & bystanders


Patient Assessment


High-Quality Patient care


Patient Advocacy


Proper Transport


Transfer of care


Record Keeping


Data Collection


Maintain Equipment

Additional Primary Responsibilities OF EMS

Appropriate Disposition


Transportation Mode: ground/Air


Receiving Facilities: trauma center/ Speciality Center


Transfer of Care


Documentation : thorough, Accurate, regulatory requirements


Returning Service


Professional Development


Improving System Quality


EMS Research


Public Health

QI: Quality Improvement

A System of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS System so as to identify those areas that be improved to assure that the public receives the highest Quality pre- hospital care

Role in Quality Improvement

Participation in Quality Improvement:


System Design


Quality of care


Communication System


Training and education


Equipment


Staffing


Public Information and Education


Disaster Planning and Readiness

Role in Quality Improvement

Participation in Quality Improvement:


System Design


Quality of care


Communication System


Training and education


Equipment


Staffing


Public Information and Education


Disaster Planning and Readiness

Role in EMS Research

Participation in EMS Research: beneficial to the future of EMS


Enhances recognition and respect


Improves quality of Care


Improves Patient Outcomes

Role in Public Health

Public education


Health prevention and promotion


Disease Surveillance


Injury Prevention


Support Primary Care

Profession

The existence of a specialized body of knowledge or expertise


Generally Self-regulating through licensure or certification verifying competence


Maintains Standards Including Initial and Continuing education requirements

Professionalism

Standards of conduct followed by members of a profession


Adherence to a “code of ethics “ approved by the professional

Code of Ethics

A fundamental Responsibility of the EMT is to preserve Life, to alleviate Suffering, to promote health, to do no harm and to encourage quality and equal availability of emergency care

Code Of Ethics

The EMT provides care based on human needs, with respect for human dignity, unrestricted by consideration of Nationality, Race, Creed, Color, Or Status

EMS Personnel Occupy Positions Of Public Trust

Unprofessional conduct damages the profession


Professional behavior is vital to establishing credibility and confidence


Highly visible role models

Integrity

*Most important Value


Honesty in all actions


Assumed by the public as an EMT

Respect

Consideration of others


Being Polite


Using Appropriate Language


Demonstrating appropriate behavior

Empathy

Caring and Compassionate


Understanding of Feelings


Respect


Supportive and Reassuring

Self Motivation

Internal drive for excellence


Demonstrating self-direction


Initiative


Commitment

Self-Confidence

Trust or Reliance on ones self


Knowing strength and Limitations


Judgement

Time Management

Organized


Efficient


Able to prioritize


Punctual


Completes task and assignments on time

Appearance and Personal Hygiene

Exhibits professional Appearance


Uniform is neat and clean


Good Personal Grooming


Good Posture


Positive body Language

Appearance and Personal Hygiene

Exhibits professional Appearance


Uniform is neat and clean


Good Personal Grooming


Good Posture


Positive body Language

Communications

*Ability to convey information


Verbally


In writing


*Accurately


*Honestly

Patient Advocacy

Acting in the patients Best interest


Accepting others right to differ


Not imposing your beliefs


Not allowing personal bias to interfere


Protecting privacy

Teamwork and diplomacy

Tact in dealing with others


Success of team above self


Supportive


Respect for all team members


Open to change


Communication effectively

Careful Delivery Of Service

Mastering and maintaining skill


Careful and safe operations


Adheres to a “culture of safety”


Attention to details


Following policies, procedures and protocols


Following orders


Respect for equipment and property

Professional Behavior

Practice good hygiene and maintain appearance


Develop strong organizational skills


Make list and work with calendars


Understand the importance of good communication skills


Pay Attention to the details in everything

More Professional Behavior

Always show up prepared


Be aware of current events and trends in EMS


Learn to accept defeat graciously


Praise the good work of others


Offer your support to those who need it


Recognize that everything you say and do reflects how you are perceived by others

NEMESIS

National Emergency Medical Services Information System

CARES

Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival

AHA

American Heart Association

NASEMO

National Association of State EMS Official

EBG

Evidence -Based Guidelines

NAEMSP

National Association of EMS Physicians

DNR Order

Type of Advance directives:


Living Will


Health care durable Power of Attorney


Physician Orders for life sustaining treatment

Standard of Care

The care that is expected to be provided by EMT with similar training when managing a patient in a similar situation

Wellness Principles

Physical Well-being


Mental well-being

Physical Well-Being

Nutrition:


Diet


Nutrients


Food Groups


Weight Control

Physical Fitness

Benefits:


Muscular Strength


Muscular Flexibility


Cardiovascular Endurance

Physical Fitness

Benefits:


Muscular Strength


Muscular Flexibility


Cardiovascular Endurance

Physical Fitness

Benefits: Increased oxygen-carrying capacity


Improved Strength and stamina


Resistance to injury


Resistance to illness


Improved self-image


Enhanced quality of life

Physical Well-Being

Sleep:


Circadian timing System


Sleep deprivation

Physical Well-Being

Disease Prevention


Injury Prevention


Error Prevention


Emotional Health

Emotional Aspects Of EMS

Death And Dying


Mutilation


Violence and Abuse


Criminal Activity


Mass Casualty Incidents

Emotional Aspects of EMS

Patients are Anxious


Family is Anxious


Providers are Anxious

5 Stages Of Grief

Denial


Anger


Bargaining


Depression


Acceptance

Dealing With Grief

Anxiety


Fear


Anger


Depression

Dealing With Grief

Anxiety


Fear


Anger


Depression

Anxiety

What will happen to me?


What are you doing?


Am I Going to Die?


Are they going to be okay?

Dealing With Grief

Anxiety


Fear


Anger


Depression

Anxiety

What will happen to me?


What are you doing?


Am I Going to Die?


Are they going to be okay?

Anger and Hostility

Denial


Fear


Guilt


Poor coping mechanisms

Depression

Crying


Withdrawn


Regret


Hopelessness

How to interact With Patient and Family

Dignity


Respect


Privacy


Control


Support


Be Honest


Listen Empathetically


Do not give false assurances


Use a gentle tone of voice


Avoid sad or Grim Comments


Allow for feelings to be expressed

Avoid Phrases such as

“It will get better.”


“You should not question Gods will.”


“You have to get on with your life.”


“You are not the only one who suffers.”


“I know how you must feel”

The Initial response to fear is

Avoidance

Fear of Failure

A sense of personal failure for not achieving success

Fear of Rejection

Based on how you perceive others will judge your performance

Fear of unknown

A common fear in situations where information is in short supply

Fear of Death and Dying

Includes the fear of pain and the fear of non-existence

Stressors for EMS providers:


High Stress Situations

Death or serious injury of a coworker


Death or Serious injury of a family member


Abuse and Violence


Pediatric Deaths

Stressors for EMS Providers:


High Stress Situation

Mass Casualty Incidents


Terrorism


Prolonged Incidents

Stress and Stress Management:


Stressors- Personal Issues

Lack of quality family time


Lack of personal time


Relationship issues


Financial difficulties


Personal health concerns


Feeling inadequate/ unprepared

Stressors- EMS Family Issues

Lack of Understanding


Fear of Separation and being ignored


Competition for attention


On Call Situations


Disruption of planned activities

Stressors- EMS Family Issues

Lack of Understanding


Fear of Separation and being ignored


Competition for attention


On Call Situations


Disruption of planned activities

Stress and Stress Management: Cumulative Stress-Warning Signs

Irritability to coworkers, family, friends


Inability to concentrate


Difficulty sleeping


Anxiety


Isolation


Loss of interest


Alcohol and drug dependence

Stress management

Healthy Diet:


Reduce caffeine


Reduce sugars


Avoid alcohol


Avoid fatty foods


:Exercise

Stress Management

Balance work, family, recreation:


Sufficient rest


Schedule time for yourself


Schedule time with family


Request shift change


Seek professional help

CISM

Virginia Critical Incident Stress Management Program

Critical Incident

Any situation faced by emergency service personnel that causes them to experience unusually strong emotional reactions which have the potential to interfere with their ability to function

CISM

A team of peer counselors and mental health professionals who help emergency care personnel deal with critical Incident stress

What Does CISM Help Do

Demobilization


Defusing


Debriefing


Family Support

CISM IS NOT

Threatening


An Investigation


An Interrogation

Virginia EMS Comprehensive CISM Program

Pre-Incident education


On-scene support


Defusing


Debriefing


Family support programs


Follow-up services and referrals


Community outreach

Occupational Hazards-Protection


EMS providers work in high hazard environments


Multiple hazards

Infectious diseases


Traffic


Hazardous materials


Electrical hazards


Water hazards


Crime scenes


Technical rescue hazards

Occupational Hazards-Protection


EMS providers work in high hazard environments


Multiple hazards

Infectious diseases


Traffic


Hazardous materials


Electrical hazards


Water hazards


Crime scenes


Technical rescue hazards

Occupational Hazards- Protection

EMS providers must integrate a culture of safety in all daily activities

Occupational Hazards

EMS providers must integrate a culture of safety in all daily activities

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Protection from work related hazards is regulated by who?

OSHA

Infectious Hazards

Blood-borne Pathogens


Airborne Pathogens

Pathogens

Pathogens are organisms that cause infection, such as viruses and bacteria

How are Pathogens spread

Air


Contact with blood


Body fluids

How are infectious diseases spread

Through the air by coughing


Direct contact with infected blood or body fluid


Needle sticks


Contaminated food


Sexually transmitted

Exposure to infectious diseases

Contact with blood or body fluids of a person with an infectious disease


*patients blood gets into a an open wound


*you are stuck with a contaminated needle


*blood or saliva splashes into your eyes or mouth


*close contact with a person with an airborne disease

Infectious Hazards-Protection


“Standard Precautious”

Assumes all body fluids are infectious


Protects both the patient and EMT


Good Housekeeping


Good Personal Hygiene


Current Immunizations


Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)


Do not work if YOU are sick

Red Bags/ Containers have what Symbol

Biohazard symbol

Red bags are used for?

Contaminated waste only

Sharps containers are used for?

Sharps hazards

Hand Hygiene: Wash Your Hands!

Hot water and soup


Alcohol based sanitizer


Keep things out of your mouth


Good Personal Hygiene

Hand Hygiene: Wash Your Hands!

Hot water and soup


Alcohol based sanitizer


Keep things out of your mouth


Good Personal Hygiene

Infectious Hazards: Immunization

Tetanus prophylaxis


Hepatitis B vaccine


Tuberculosis purified Protein (PPD) Annually


Influenza vaccine Annually


Immune status for commonly transmitted diseases and vaccinations as necessary

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

Infectious Hazards-PPE


Synthetic Gloves

When Blood or Fluid are present

Infectious Hazards-PPE


Eye Protection

If Blood or fluids splashing exists

Infectious Hazards-PPE


Respiratory Protection

IF the Pathogen is airborne

Infectious Hazards- PPE


Gown and Face Shield

Large Splash Situation:


Vomiting


Major trauma


OB delivery

Infectious Hazards-PPE


Tyvek Suits and Face Shield

Large splash Situations with a known infectious agent


*protection from chemical, biological, radiological agents

Safety Hazards-PPE

Appropriate head protection-helmets


Normex / PBI/ Kevlar clothing for fire protection


Rescue gloves for metal/glass protection


Safety Footwear


Level 3 reflection on highways


Respiratory Protection


Hearing Protection


Flotation Devices

Safety Hazards-PPE

Appropriate head protection-helmets


Normex / PBI/ Kevlar clothing for fire protection


Rescue gloves for metal/glass protection


Safety Footwear


Level 3 reflection on highways


Respiratory Protection


Hearing Protection


Flotation Devices

Personal Safety:Traffic

Stop Traffic


Position Vehicle:


100 before if first In


100 beyond if second in


Turn off headlights: utilize warning lights


Police for traffic control


ANSI class 2 or 3 visibility PPE


Follow NUG Temporary Traffic Control Requirements

Personal Safety: Unstable Vehicles/ Extrication

Stay in safe area


-Out Of danger zone


Fire or rescue


- PBI/Nomex/Kevlar PPE


Rescue gloves


Eye Protection


Rescue Team

Personal Safety: Electrical Hazards

Establish a Safe Zone :


Out of danger zone


One full span of wires


Structural Fire or Rescue:


PBI/ Nomex/Kevlar PPE


Police for scene control


Fire for hazardous Control


Power company

Personal Safety: Water Hazards

Stay in a safe area: out of water


Police for scene control


Appropriate PPE: floatation devices


Water rescue Team

Personal Safety:Crime Scenes

Identify the hazard


Law enforcement


Retreat to safe area


Staging

Personal Safety:Technical Rescue

Identify the problem


Stay in safe area: out of danger zone


Appropriate PPE for Hazard


Technical Rescue Team

Personal Safety: Hazardous Materials

Identify the hazard


Retreat to safe distance:uphill and upwind


Appropriate PPE


Law Enforcement


Fire


Specialized Haz-Mat team

Organization of the human body

Chemicals ,cells ,tissues ,organs system ,organism

Normal anatomical position

Superior ,inferior ,anterior ,


posterior ,proximal and distal

Anatomical terms

Dorsal, ventral, plantar, Palmer, unilateral, bilateral

Anatomical divisions

Frontal plane, midline, mid sagittal plane:medial and lateral


sagittal plane, transverse plane

Organization of the human body: movement

Flexion,extension, adduction , abduction

Organization of the human body: cavities

Cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal: peritoneal and retroperitoneal


Pelvic

Anatomical landmarks



Chest

Midline, midclavicular line, anterioraxillary line, clavicle, intercostal space, xiphoid process, costal margin, sternum, angel of Louis, mani Bruin, suprasternal notch

Anatomical landmarks



Chest

Midline, midclavicular line, anterioraxillary line, clavicle, intercostal space, xiphoid process, costal margin, sternum, angel of Louis, mani Bruin, suprasternal notch

Anatomical landmarks:side of chest

Posterior axillary line, anterior axillary line, midaxillary line

Anatomical landmarks/abdomen

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

Medical terminology/3 rules

*Analyze from suffix back to the beginning


*drop combining vowel before a suffix that begins with a vowel


*keep combining vowel between two roots

Medical terminology/ word analysis

Electrocardiogram

Sub gastr ic

SUB is the prefix, GASR is the root, IC is the suffix

How many body systems are there

There are 11 body systems

Name the 11 body systems

Integumentary System,Muscular system, skeletal system, nervous system, endocrine system, circulatory system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, and reproductive system

The Integumentary System

Purpose and function/protection, temperature regulation, sensation

The integument

Epidermis, dermis,Subcutaneous fatty tissue, glands, Follicles

The skeletal system/purpose and function

Shape and support/framework


Protection


Cell production

The skeletal system functional divisions

Axial skeleton and APPENDICULAR skeleton

How many bones are in an adult human body

206 total bones

Axial skeleton

Skull, spinal column, thorax

APPENDICULAR skeleton

Upper extremities, pelvis, lower extremities

How many bones does the cranial have

Eight bones

Name the eight bones that make up the cranial

Frontal bone, two parietal bones, occipital bone, two temporal bones, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone

How many bones make up the face bone

14

Name the 14 face bones

Mandible bone, two maxillary bones, two zygomatic bone, two inferior nasal concha, two Nasal bones, vomer,lacrimal bone, Two Palatine bones

The spinal column

Vertebrae:


Seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral fused, for Coccygeal fused

Thoracic cage consist of

The clavicle, Sternum, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs, seventh cervical vertebrae, first thoracic vertebrae, jugular notch

The pelvis and lower extremities consist of

Sacrum, pubis, ischium, ilium, coxa, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges

The upper extremities consist of

Clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

The muscular system/purpose and function

Locomotion, shape and support, protection, heat production

What are the three types of muscle

Smooth,cardiac and skeletal muscle

Name the types of joints

Ball and socket joint, Condyloid joint,Gliding joint, hinge joints, pivot joint, saddle joints

Connective tissue

Tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bursa

Upper respiratory track consist of

Nasal,oral, PHARYNX,Larynx

Lower respiratory tract consist of

Trachea, Bronchi,Bronchioles,Alveoli,


Lungs

Ventilation

The movement of gases into and out of the lungs/breathing

How ventilation works

Ribs and sternum elevate diaphragm contracts. Ribs raised, external intercostal muscle active, diaphragm contracts and moves down word. Rib lowered, X ternal coastal muscles active, diaphragm relaxes and moves upward

Respiration

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs and between the cells and capillaries in the body

Alveolar- Capillary Gas Exchange

Blood from the right side of the heart enters the pulmonary capillary. Deoxygenated blood has low levels of O2 and high levels of CO2. Blood leaves the capillary and is transported back to the left side of the heart. Oxygenated blood have high levels of O2 and low levels of CO2 red blood cells. Alveolus

Pediatric differences

Children have smaller jaws, the cricoid cartilage is the narrowest part of the pediatric airway, relatively greater proportion of soft tissue, LARYNX more superior and anterior,Epiglottis rounder and floppier, Loosely Attached mucous membranes

Assessment of the respiratory system/breathing rate per minute for adults

12 - 20

Assessment of the respiratory system/breathing rate per minute for a child 1 to Puberty age

20-30

Assessment of the respiratory system/breathing rate per minute for infant

30-50

Assessment of the respiratory system/breathing rate per minute for newborn

40-60

Normal breathing

Rate within normal limits, rhythm is regular, quality is effortless, volume is adequate equal chest rise and clear breath sounds

Breathing terms/Apnea

Without breath

Breathing terms/Bradypnea

Slow breathing

Breathing terms/tachypnea

Fast breathing

Breathing terms/dyspnea

Difficulty breathing

Breathing terms/ Orthopnea

Dyspnea while lying

Cardiovascular system/purpose and function

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removes waste from the tissues

The cardiovascular system functional divisions

Heart, blood vessels, blood

The heart

Chambers, valves

The blood vessels consist of

Arteries, veins, capillaries

What job do the arteries have

Move blood away from the heart

Veins do what

Return blood to the heart

Capillaries

Allow for alveolar and cellular exchange of gases, nutrients and waste

Blood consist of

Red blood cells/RBC’s, white blood cells/WBCs, platelets, plasma

Blood volume and the average adult

70 to 80 mg/kilogram, 6 L/6000 milliliters

Circulation

The movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels

Perfusion

The delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems and the removal of waste products

Pulse

The contractions of the ventricles felt over an artery



The heartbeat

Pulse

The contractions of the ventricles felt over an artery



The heartbeat

Normal pulse

Rate within normal limits, rhythm regular, strength can be felt over any artery that is close to the skin

Assessment of the cardiovascular system/average pulse rate in adults

60-100

Assessment of the cardiovascular system/average pulse rate in children

70-130

Assessment of the cardiovascular system/average pulse rate in infants

80-140

Assessment of the cardiovascular system/average pulse rate in infants

80-140

Assessment of the cardiovascular system/average pulse rate in newborns

120-160

Tachycardia

Fast Heart rate (>100/min in adults)

Bradycardia

Slow heart rate (>60/min at any age)

Assessment of the cardiovascular system/blood pressure

The pressure of fluid within the arterial blood vessels

Systole

Contraction of the heart

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart, between contractions

Systolic Blood Pressure

The pressure of fluid within the arterial blood vessels during the contraction of the ventricles


Top number of a blood pressure reading 110/70


Determined by the fourth of ventricular contraction


Can’t be felt as a pulse

Diastolic blood pressure

The pressure of fluid within the arterial blood vessels between contractions of the ventricles


A reflection of the degree of vascular constriction (tone)


Bottom number of a blood pressure reading 110/70

Normal blood pressure in adults

90 -14 mmHg systolic


60-90 mmHg diastolic

Normal blood pressure in children

(Age in years x 2) + 80= systolic BP

Hypertension

High blood pressure


A DIastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg

Hypertension

High blood pressure


A DIastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg

Hypotension

Low blood pressure


A systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg in adults


A systolic blood pressure <60 mmHg in Children

The Lymphatic System /Purpose and function

Movement of fluids


Immunity

The Lymphatic System/ Functional Divisions

Lymph vessels and nodes, Spleen

What is the name given to the tissue fluid after entering the lymph capillaries

Lymph

the lymphatic System has No What?

Pump

The nervous system/purpose and function

Controls the involuntary voluntary actions of the body

The nervous system/functional divisions

Central – autonomic – Peripheral

Central nervous system does what

Controls all basic bodily functions in response to external changes

Central nervous system does what

Controls all basic bodily functions in response to external changes

Peripheral Nervous system does what

Provides a complete network of motor and sensory nerve fibers connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Central nervous system does what

Controls all basic bodily functions in response to external changes

Peripheral Nervous system does what

Provides a complete network of motor and sensory nerve fibers connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

The autonomic nervous system

Parallels spinal cord but is separately involved in control of exocrine glands,blood vessels,viscera and external genitalia

A sensory neuron transmits impulses from receptors


A motor neurons transmit impulses to effectors

The nervous system

The central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

Senses


Cranial Nerves

The Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

somatic: Sensory Nerves, motor Nerves


Automatic: Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Endocrine System: Purpose and function

Regulates body functions through the secretion of hormones

Endocrine glands have no ducts, they secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.


Each hormone has specific target organs and tissues

The Endocrine System

The Pituitary Gland

Master Regulatory

Thyroid Gland

Growth and Metabolism

Adrenal Gland

Epinephrine


Norepinephrine


Cortisol


Aldosterone

Pancreas

Glucagon


Insulin

Pancreas

Glucagon


Insulin

The digestive system/purpose and function

Change complex organic nutrients into simple molecules to be transported to the cells

The digestive system/functional division

Alimentary tube


Accessory organs

The digestive system – functional divisions


Alimentary Tube

Extends from mouth to rectum


Consist of the oral cavity , pharynx, Esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon

The digestive system – functional divisions


Alimentary Tube

Extends from mouth to rectum


Consist of the oral cavity , pharynx, Esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon

The digestive system/functional divisions


Accessory organs

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, Liver, gallbladder and pancreas

The digestive system – functional divisions


Alimentary Tube

Extends from mouth to rectum


Consist of the oral cavity , pharynx, Esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon

The digestive system/functional divisions


Accessory organs

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, Liver, gallbladder and pancreas

The digestive system/functional divisions


The digestion of food takes place where?

Oral cavity, stomach and small intestine’s

The urinary system: purpose and function

Regulation of fluids, regulation of electrolytes, regulation of pH, regulation of blood pressure

The reproductive system: purpose and function

Reproduction

Anatomy and Physiology:function

Warm


Filter


Humidity


Exchange gas

Upper airway consist of

Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx and Larynx

Lower Airway

Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs: Bronchioles


Alveoli

Ventilation

Movement of gases into and out of the lungs


Breathing

Control of Ventilation

Chemoreceptors


Pons


*Apneustic


*Pneumotaxic


Medulla


Hering-Breuer reflex

Anatomy and physiology


Minute volume

Tidal volume X rate = minute volume


500(ml) X 16 =8000 ml


150 (ml) x 30 = 4500 ml

Ventilation volumes

Dead air space:


Anatomical dead air =150 mL


Physiological dead air = ?

Alveolar volume


Title volume – dead air X rate = Alveolar volume

(By-Vd) X r=Va


(500 ml- 150 ml) x 12=4200 ml

Composition of Atmospheric Air


Nitrogen

597 Torr 78.6%

Composition of atmospheric air


Oxygen

159TORR 20.9%

Composition of atmospheric air


Carbon dioxide

0.3 TORR 0.03%

Composition of atmospheric air other gases

3.7 TORR 0.47%

Pediatric differences

Head size, nasopharynx, mouth, tongue, epiglottis, trachea

Pediatric differences

Chest abdomen, oxygen demand:6–8 mL/kg/minute

Standard precautions

Gloves and eye protection

Assessment of the airway


Noise during breathing

Strider


Snoring


Gurgling

Assessment Of the airway

Noise during breathing, position of facial structures, fluids present, size and shape of mouth opening, size and shape of chin and jaw

Management of the airway


Three steps

Position the airway, suction as necessary, insert an airway adjunct

Place patient supine if possible


EMT at the top of the patient’s head is not at the patient’s side

Position the airway

Position the airway


How to position him facial structures

Jaw lift


Head tilt/ chin lift

Jaw thrust

Position the facial structure

Position the airway – pediatric patients

Head size and shape, airway structure

Airway management: suction

Remove blood ,Liquids and food from the airway


Suction immediately if gurgling is heard or fluid is visible

Suction unit

Manual, vehicle Mounted electric, Portable – battery operated

Suction catheters

Rigid catheter (yankauer)


Soft catheter (French)

Suction techniques that equipment

Check daily, charged battery, 300 MMHG minimum

Suction techniques

Adjust vacuum if necessary


Appropriate type and size catheters