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330 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomical Terms |
Basic Study Of the human body includes the study of anatomy and physiologyAn |
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Anatomy |
The Structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other |
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The Study of the body’s structure or design |
Anatomy |
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Physiology |
The Function of the living body and its parts (how the body works) |
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Anatomical Position |
The patient is standing erect, facing forward, with arms down at the sides and palms forward |
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The point of reference whenever terms of direction and Location are used |
Anatomical Position |
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Supine |
The Patient is lying face up on his back |
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Prone |
Patient lying face down on his stomach |
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Lateral Recumbent Position (Recovery Position) |
The patient is lying on his left or right side |
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Lateral Recumbent Position (Recovery Position) |
The patient is lying on his left or right side |
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Monitor Airway by |
Placing patient on his side |
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Fowler Position |
The patient is lying on his back with the upper body elevated to a 45 degrees to 60 degrees angle (sitting up Position) |
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Semi Fowler Position |
The Patient is lying on his back with the upper body elevated at a angle less than 45 degrees |
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Trendelenburg Position |
The patient is lying on his back with the legs elevated higher than the head and body on a inclined plan |
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Shock Position |
Feet and legs elevated 12 inches |
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Anatomical planes |
Imaginary division of the body |
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Sagittal plane |
Is a vertical plan that runs lengthwise and divides the body into right and left segments |
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Muscles move how many directions |
One direction |
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Mid Sagittal Plane |
Plane divides body into two equal half’s |
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Frontal Plane(Coronal Plane) |
Divides Body into front and back halves |
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Transverse plane (Horizontal Plane) |
Parallel with the ground and divides the body into front and back halves |
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How do we breathe |
Pressure gradient |
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How fast are kids metabolic rate |
Fast |
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Apnea |
Without breath |
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Dyspnea |
Difficulty breathing |
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Cardiovascular system |
Delivers oxygen and nutrients throughout the body |
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How many chambers in the heart |
Four |
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The heart has |
Chambers and valves |
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Midline |
Divides body in equal halves |
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Arteries |
Move blood away from the heart |
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Blood |
Rbc(Red Blood Cells) ,WBCs White Blood Cells, Platelets Plasma |
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Anterior Plane |
Patient Front |
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Posterior plane |
Patients Back |
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Midaxillary line |
Verticals line drawn side to side through the body from the midaxillary line on the opposite side forms the frontal plane and divides and divides body into anterior Plane |
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Normal blood pressure |
120/80 |
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Hypertension |
High blood pressure |
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Hypotension |
Low blood pressure |
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The Lymphatic System |
Movement of fluid, immunity |
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Lymph vessels and nodes , and spleen are the functional division of |
The Lymphatic system |
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The Lymphatic system does what |
Fight off infection |
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Lymphatic system has no what? |
Pump |
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What is apart of the nervous system |
Brain and spine |
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What is the purpose of the nervous system |
Controls all basic functions and responses to external changes |
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Sensory neurons job? |
Sense things |
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A sensory neuron |
Transmits impulses from receptors |
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Motor neuron |
Transmits impulses to effectors |
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Peripheral nervous system |
Sensory nerves or motor nerve |
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Reflexes are design for |
To warn you of a Imminent threat |
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Transverse line |
A horizontal line drawn through the body ,front to back, at the waist forms the transverse plane and divides the body into superior plane |
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Superior System |
Above waist |
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Inferior Plane |
Below waist |
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Dorsal |
Back(Back Bone) |
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Ventral |
Front (Belly) Abdomen |
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Pancreas |
Insulin and glucagon |
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Where does the digestive system start? |
Mouth |
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Decides wether food goes down |
Epiglottis |
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Medial |
Towards the middle or center of body |
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Reproductive System |
Reproduce |
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Lateral |
Refers to the left or right of midline , or away from the midline of the body |
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Bilateral |
Left and right (both Sides) |
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What is the reason for the spleen |
Makes blood, stores blood, filters blood |
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Unilateral |
One side |
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Ipsilateral |
Same side |
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Scope of Practice |
The Action or care a EMT is legally allowed to perform as defined by state Law |
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The National Academies NAS-NRC 1966 “Accidental death and Disability: “The neglected disease of modern Society “ |
Expert Consultants returning from Vietnam have asserted that, if seriously injured, their chances of survival would be better in the zone of combat than on the average city street |
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NAC-NRC “White Paper “ Recommendations |
Vehicles Attendants Communication Access Central dispatch Medical control physicians Hospital designation Public information |
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1994: NHTSA Technical Assistance Program Standards |
Regulation and Policy Resource Management Human Resources and training Transportation Facilities |
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1994: NHTSA Technical Assistance Program Standards |
Regulation and Policy Resource Management Human Resources and training Transportation Facilities |
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EMS System |
Network of coordinated services that provide aid and medical care to the community Work as a unified whole to meet the emergency care of a community |
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EMS system components |
Regulation and Policy Resource management Human Resources and training Transportation Facilities |
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EMS System Components |
Communication Public information and education Medical direction Trauma system Evaluation |
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Virginia EMS |
EMS advisory Board Department of Health,Office of EMS Regional EMS Planning Councils Local EMS Agencies |
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Virginia EMS Regulation and Policy |
Virginia EMS Advisory Board: Medical Direction Committee Training and certification committee Transportation Committees Emergency management committee Trauma system oversight committee Board of Health: Office of EMS |
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Other Public Safety Personnel |
Critical Care transport Hazardous Materials Technicians Rescue Technicians Law Enforcement Firefighters |
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Virginia Levels of Certification |
Emergency Medical Responder Emergency Medical Technician Emergency Medical Technician Advanced Emergency Medical Technician: Intermediate Paramedic |
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Emergency Departments |
Adult or Pediatrics |
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Special Hospitals |
Trauma Centers Cardiac Centers Burn Centers Pediatric Centers OB Centers Psychiatric Centers Poison Control Centers |
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Facilities Hospital: Personnel |
Physicians Nurses Allied health: Technologists Therapist EMS providers |
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Operational Medical Director |
Physician who is legally responsible for all clinical and patient-care aspects of an EMS Agency |
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Medical Control |
Off Line: Medical Policies, procedures and practices that the agency physician has set up in advance Required by regulation Required to practice |
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Protocols |
Standing Orders, policies and procedures for the patient care aspects of an EMS system that have been approved by the OMD: Treatment Transport Transfer |
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Medical Control : On-Line |
Physician gives direct orders by radio or telephone |
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System Access Communication |
PSAP: 911 Non- 911 |
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EMS Primary Responsibility’s |
*Personal Safety Safety Of Crew, Patient, & bystanders Patient Assessment High-Quality Patient care Patient Advocacy Proper Transport Transfer of care Record Keeping Data Collection Maintain Equipment |
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Additional Primary Responsibilities OF EMS |
Appropriate Disposition Transportation Mode: ground/Air Receiving Facilities: trauma center/ Speciality Center Transfer of Care Documentation : thorough, Accurate, regulatory requirements Returning Service Professional Development Improving System Quality EMS Research Public Health |
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QI: Quality Improvement |
A System of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS System so as to identify those areas that be improved to assure that the public receives the highest Quality pre- hospital care |
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Role in Quality Improvement |
Participation in Quality Improvement: System Design Quality of care Communication System Training and education Equipment Staffing Public Information and Education Disaster Planning and Readiness |
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Role in Quality Improvement |
Participation in Quality Improvement: System Design Quality of care Communication System Training and education Equipment Staffing Public Information and Education Disaster Planning and Readiness |
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Role in EMS Research |
Participation in EMS Research: beneficial to the future of EMS Enhances recognition and respect Improves quality of Care Improves Patient Outcomes |
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Role in Public Health |
Public education Health prevention and promotion Disease Surveillance Injury Prevention Support Primary Care |
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Profession |
The existence of a specialized body of knowledge or expertise Generally Self-regulating through licensure or certification verifying competence Maintains Standards Including Initial and Continuing education requirements |
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Professionalism |
Standards of conduct followed by members of a profession Adherence to a “code of ethics “ approved by the professional |
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Code of Ethics |
A fundamental Responsibility of the EMT is to preserve Life, to alleviate Suffering, to promote health, to do no harm and to encourage quality and equal availability of emergency care |
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Code Of Ethics |
The EMT provides care based on human needs, with respect for human dignity, unrestricted by consideration of Nationality, Race, Creed, Color, Or Status |
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EMS Personnel Occupy Positions Of Public Trust |
Unprofessional conduct damages the profession Professional behavior is vital to establishing credibility and confidence Highly visible role models |
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Integrity |
*Most important Value Honesty in all actions Assumed by the public as an EMT |
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Respect |
Consideration of others Being Polite Using Appropriate Language Demonstrating appropriate behavior |
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Empathy |
Caring and Compassionate Understanding of Feelings Respect Supportive and Reassuring |
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Self Motivation |
Internal drive for excellence Demonstrating self-direction Initiative Commitment |
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Self-Confidence |
Trust or Reliance on ones self Knowing strength and Limitations Judgement |
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Time Management |
Organized Efficient Able to prioritize Punctual Completes task and assignments on time |
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Appearance and Personal Hygiene |
Exhibits professional Appearance Uniform is neat and clean Good Personal Grooming Good Posture Positive body Language |
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Appearance and Personal Hygiene |
Exhibits professional Appearance Uniform is neat and clean Good Personal Grooming Good Posture Positive body Language |
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Communications |
*Ability to convey information Verbally In writing *Accurately *Honestly |
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Patient Advocacy |
Acting in the patients Best interest Accepting others right to differ Not imposing your beliefs Not allowing personal bias to interfere Protecting privacy |
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Teamwork and diplomacy |
Tact in dealing with others Success of team above self Supportive Respect for all team members Open to change Communication effectively |
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Careful Delivery Of Service |
Mastering and maintaining skill Careful and safe operations Adheres to a “culture of safety” Attention to details Following policies, procedures and protocols Following orders Respect for equipment and property |
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Professional Behavior |
Practice good hygiene and maintain appearance Develop strong organizational skills Make list and work with calendars Understand the importance of good communication skills Pay Attention to the details in everything |
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More Professional Behavior |
Always show up prepared Be aware of current events and trends in EMS Learn to accept defeat graciously Praise the good work of others Offer your support to those who need it Recognize that everything you say and do reflects how you are perceived by others |
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NEMESIS |
National Emergency Medical Services Information System |
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CARES |
Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival |
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AHA |
American Heart Association |
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NASEMO |
National Association of State EMS Official |
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EBG |
Evidence -Based Guidelines |
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NAEMSP |
National Association of EMS Physicians |
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DNR Order |
Type of Advance directives: Living Will Health care durable Power of Attorney Physician Orders for life sustaining treatment |
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Standard of Care |
The care that is expected to be provided by EMT with similar training when managing a patient in a similar situation |
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Wellness Principles |
Physical Well-being Mental well-being |
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Physical Well-Being |
Nutrition: Diet Nutrients Food Groups Weight Control |
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Physical Fitness |
Benefits: Muscular Strength Muscular Flexibility Cardiovascular Endurance |
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Physical Fitness |
Benefits: Muscular Strength Muscular Flexibility Cardiovascular Endurance |
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Physical Fitness |
Benefits: Increased oxygen-carrying capacity Improved Strength and stamina Resistance to injury Resistance to illness Improved self-image Enhanced quality of life |
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Physical Well-Being |
Sleep: Circadian timing System Sleep deprivation |
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Physical Well-Being |
Disease Prevention Injury Prevention Error Prevention Emotional Health |
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Emotional Aspects Of EMS |
Death And Dying Mutilation Violence and Abuse Criminal Activity Mass Casualty Incidents |
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Emotional Aspects of EMS |
Patients are Anxious Family is Anxious Providers are Anxious |
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5 Stages Of Grief |
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance |
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Dealing With Grief |
Anxiety Fear Anger Depression |
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Dealing With Grief |
Anxiety Fear Anger Depression |
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Anxiety |
What will happen to me? What are you doing? Am I Going to Die? Are they going to be okay? |
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Dealing With Grief |
Anxiety Fear Anger Depression |
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Anxiety |
What will happen to me? What are you doing? Am I Going to Die? Are they going to be okay? |
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Anger and Hostility |
Denial Fear Guilt Poor coping mechanisms |
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Depression |
Crying Withdrawn Regret Hopelessness |
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How to interact With Patient and Family |
Dignity Respect Privacy Control Support Be Honest Listen Empathetically Do not give false assurances Use a gentle tone of voice Avoid sad or Grim Comments Allow for feelings to be expressed |
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Avoid Phrases such as |
“It will get better.” “You should not question Gods will.” “You have to get on with your life.” “You are not the only one who suffers.” “I know how you must feel” |
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The Initial response to fear is |
Avoidance |
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Fear of Failure |
A sense of personal failure for not achieving success |
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Fear of Rejection |
Based on how you perceive others will judge your performance |
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Fear of unknown |
A common fear in situations where information is in short supply |
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Fear of Death and Dying |
Includes the fear of pain and the fear of non-existence |
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Stressors for EMS providers: High Stress Situations |
Death or serious injury of a coworker Death or Serious injury of a family member Abuse and Violence Pediatric Deaths |
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Stressors for EMS Providers: High Stress Situation |
Mass Casualty Incidents Terrorism Prolonged Incidents |
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Stress and Stress Management: Stressors- Personal Issues |
Lack of quality family time Lack of personal time Relationship issues Financial difficulties Personal health concerns Feeling inadequate/ unprepared |
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Stressors- EMS Family Issues |
Lack of Understanding Fear of Separation and being ignored Competition for attention On Call Situations Disruption of planned activities |
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Stressors- EMS Family Issues |
Lack of Understanding Fear of Separation and being ignored Competition for attention On Call Situations Disruption of planned activities |
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Stress and Stress Management: Cumulative Stress-Warning Signs |
Irritability to coworkers, family, friends Inability to concentrate Difficulty sleeping Anxiety Isolation Loss of interest Alcohol and drug dependence |
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Stress management |
Healthy Diet: Reduce caffeine Reduce sugars Avoid alcohol Avoid fatty foods :Exercise |
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Stress Management |
Balance work, family, recreation: Sufficient rest Schedule time for yourself Schedule time with family Request shift change Seek professional help |
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CISM |
Virginia Critical Incident Stress Management Program |
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Critical Incident |
Any situation faced by emergency service personnel that causes them to experience unusually strong emotional reactions which have the potential to interfere with their ability to function |
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CISM |
A team of peer counselors and mental health professionals who help emergency care personnel deal with critical Incident stress |
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What Does CISM Help Do |
Demobilization Defusing Debriefing Family Support |
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CISM IS NOT |
Threatening An Investigation An Interrogation |
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Virginia EMS Comprehensive CISM Program |
Pre-Incident education On-scene support Defusing Debriefing Family support programs Follow-up services and referrals Community outreach |
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Occupational Hazards-Protection EMS providers work in high hazard environments Multiple hazards |
Infectious diseases Traffic Hazardous materials Electrical hazards Water hazards Crime scenes Technical rescue hazards |
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Occupational Hazards-Protection EMS providers work in high hazard environments Multiple hazards |
Infectious diseases Traffic Hazardous materials Electrical hazards Water hazards Crime scenes Technical rescue hazards |
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Occupational Hazards- Protection |
EMS providers must integrate a culture of safety in all daily activities |
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Occupational Hazards |
EMS providers must integrate a culture of safety in all daily activities |
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OSHA |
Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
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Protection from work related hazards is regulated by who? |
OSHA |
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Infectious Hazards |
Blood-borne Pathogens Airborne Pathogens |
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Pathogens |
Pathogens are organisms that cause infection, such as viruses and bacteria |
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How are Pathogens spread |
Air Contact with blood Body fluids |
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How are infectious diseases spread |
Through the air by coughing Direct contact with infected blood or body fluid Needle sticks Contaminated food Sexually transmitted |
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Exposure to infectious diseases |
Contact with blood or body fluids of a person with an infectious disease *patients blood gets into a an open wound *you are stuck with a contaminated needle *blood or saliva splashes into your eyes or mouth *close contact with a person with an airborne disease |
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Infectious Hazards-Protection “Standard Precautious” |
Assumes all body fluids are infectious Protects both the patient and EMT Good Housekeeping Good Personal Hygiene Current Immunizations Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Do not work if YOU are sick |
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Red Bags/ Containers have what Symbol |
Biohazard symbol |
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Red bags are used for? |
Contaminated waste only |
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Sharps containers are used for? |
Sharps hazards |
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Hand Hygiene: Wash Your Hands! |
Hot water and soup Alcohol based sanitizer Keep things out of your mouth Good Personal Hygiene |
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Hand Hygiene: Wash Your Hands! |
Hot water and soup Alcohol based sanitizer Keep things out of your mouth Good Personal Hygiene |
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Infectious Hazards: Immunization |
Tetanus prophylaxis Hepatitis B vaccine Tuberculosis purified Protein (PPD) Annually Influenza vaccine Annually Immune status for commonly transmitted diseases and vaccinations as necessary |
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PPE |
Personal Protective Equipment |
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Infectious Hazards-PPE Synthetic Gloves |
When Blood or Fluid are present |
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Infectious Hazards-PPE Eye Protection |
If Blood or fluids splashing exists |
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Infectious Hazards-PPE Respiratory Protection |
IF the Pathogen is airborne |
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Infectious Hazards- PPE Gown and Face Shield |
Large Splash Situation: Vomiting Major trauma OB delivery |
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Infectious Hazards-PPE Tyvek Suits and Face Shield |
Large splash Situations with a known infectious agent *protection from chemical, biological, radiological agents |
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Safety Hazards-PPE |
Appropriate head protection-helmets Normex / PBI/ Kevlar clothing for fire protection Rescue gloves for metal/glass protection Safety Footwear Level 3 reflection on highways Respiratory Protection Hearing Protection Flotation Devices |
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Safety Hazards-PPE |
Appropriate head protection-helmets Normex / PBI/ Kevlar clothing for fire protection Rescue gloves for metal/glass protection Safety Footwear Level 3 reflection on highways Respiratory Protection Hearing Protection Flotation Devices |
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Personal Safety:Traffic |
Stop Traffic Position Vehicle: 100 before if first In 100 beyond if second in Turn off headlights: utilize warning lights Police for traffic control ANSI class 2 or 3 visibility PPE Follow NUG Temporary Traffic Control Requirements |
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Personal Safety: Unstable Vehicles/ Extrication |
Stay in safe area -Out Of danger zone Fire or rescue - PBI/Nomex/Kevlar PPE Rescue gloves Eye Protection Rescue Team |
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Personal Safety: Electrical Hazards |
Establish a Safe Zone : Out of danger zone One full span of wires Structural Fire or Rescue: PBI/ Nomex/Kevlar PPE Police for scene control Fire for hazardous Control Power company |
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Personal Safety: Water Hazards |
Stay in a safe area: out of water Police for scene control Appropriate PPE: floatation devices Water rescue Team |
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Personal Safety:Crime Scenes |
Identify the hazard Law enforcement Retreat to safe area Staging |
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Personal Safety:Technical Rescue |
Identify the problem Stay in safe area: out of danger zone Appropriate PPE for Hazard Technical Rescue Team |
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Personal Safety: Hazardous Materials |
Identify the hazard Retreat to safe distance:uphill and upwind Appropriate PPE Law Enforcement Fire Specialized Haz-Mat team |
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Organization of the human body |
Chemicals ,cells ,tissues ,organs system ,organism |
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Normal anatomical position |
Superior ,inferior ,anterior , posterior ,proximal and distal |
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Anatomical terms |
Dorsal, ventral, plantar, Palmer, unilateral, bilateral |
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Anatomical divisions |
Frontal plane, midline, mid sagittal plane:medial and lateral sagittal plane, transverse plane |
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Organization of the human body: movement |
Flexion,extension, adduction , abduction |
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Organization of the human body: cavities |
Cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal: peritoneal and retroperitoneal Pelvic |
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Anatomical landmarks
Chest |
Midline, midclavicular line, anterioraxillary line, clavicle, intercostal space, xiphoid process, costal margin, sternum, angel of Louis, mani Bruin, suprasternal notch |
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Anatomical landmarks
Chest |
Midline, midclavicular line, anterioraxillary line, clavicle, intercostal space, xiphoid process, costal margin, sternum, angel of Louis, mani Bruin, suprasternal notch |
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Anatomical landmarks:side of chest |
Posterior axillary line, anterior axillary line, midaxillary line |
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Anatomical landmarks/abdomen |
Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant |
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Medical terminology/3 rules |
*Analyze from suffix back to the beginning *drop combining vowel before a suffix that begins with a vowel *keep combining vowel between two roots |
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Medical terminology/ word analysis |
Electrocardiogram |
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Sub gastr ic |
SUB is the prefix, GASR is the root, IC is the suffix |
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How many body systems are there |
There are 11 body systems |
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Name the 11 body systems |
Integumentary System,Muscular system, skeletal system, nervous system, endocrine system, circulatory system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, and reproductive system |
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The Integumentary System |
Purpose and function/protection, temperature regulation, sensation |
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The integument |
Epidermis, dermis,Subcutaneous fatty tissue, glands, Follicles |
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The skeletal system/purpose and function |
Shape and support/framework Protection Cell production |
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The skeletal system functional divisions |
Axial skeleton and APPENDICULAR skeleton |
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How many bones are in an adult human body |
206 total bones |
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Axial skeleton |
Skull, spinal column, thorax |
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APPENDICULAR skeleton |
Upper extremities, pelvis, lower extremities |
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How many bones does the cranial have |
Eight bones |
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Name the eight bones that make up the cranial |
Frontal bone, two parietal bones, occipital bone, two temporal bones, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone |
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How many bones make up the face bone |
14 |
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Name the 14 face bones |
Mandible bone, two maxillary bones, two zygomatic bone, two inferior nasal concha, two Nasal bones, vomer,lacrimal bone, Two Palatine bones |
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The spinal column |
Vertebrae: Seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral fused, for Coccygeal fused |
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Thoracic cage consist of |
The clavicle, Sternum, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs, seventh cervical vertebrae, first thoracic vertebrae, jugular notch |
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The pelvis and lower extremities consist of |
Sacrum, pubis, ischium, ilium, coxa, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges |
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The upper extremities consist of |
Clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges |
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The muscular system/purpose and function |
Locomotion, shape and support, protection, heat production |
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What are the three types of muscle |
Smooth,cardiac and skeletal muscle |
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Name the types of joints |
Ball and socket joint, Condyloid joint,Gliding joint, hinge joints, pivot joint, saddle joints |
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Connective tissue |
Tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bursa |
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Upper respiratory track consist of |
Nasal,oral, PHARYNX,Larynx |
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Lower respiratory tract consist of |
Trachea, Bronchi,Bronchioles,Alveoli, Lungs |
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Ventilation |
The movement of gases into and out of the lungs/breathing |
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How ventilation works |
Ribs and sternum elevate diaphragm contracts. Ribs raised, external intercostal muscle active, diaphragm contracts and moves down word. Rib lowered, X ternal coastal muscles active, diaphragm relaxes and moves upward |
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Respiration |
The exchange of gases between the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs and between the cells and capillaries in the body |
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Alveolar- Capillary Gas Exchange |
Blood from the right side of the heart enters the pulmonary capillary. Deoxygenated blood has low levels of O2 and high levels of CO2. Blood leaves the capillary and is transported back to the left side of the heart. Oxygenated blood have high levels of O2 and low levels of CO2 red blood cells. Alveolus |
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Pediatric differences |
Children have smaller jaws, the cricoid cartilage is the narrowest part of the pediatric airway, relatively greater proportion of soft tissue, LARYNX more superior and anterior,Epiglottis rounder and floppier, Loosely Attached mucous membranes |
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Assessment of the respiratory system/breathing rate per minute for adults |
12 - 20 |
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Assessment of the respiratory system/breathing rate per minute for a child 1 to Puberty age |
20-30 |
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Assessment of the respiratory system/breathing rate per minute for infant |
30-50 |
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Assessment of the respiratory system/breathing rate per minute for newborn |
40-60 |
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Normal breathing |
Rate within normal limits, rhythm is regular, quality is effortless, volume is adequate equal chest rise and clear breath sounds |
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Breathing terms/Apnea |
Without breath |
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Breathing terms/Bradypnea |
Slow breathing |
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Breathing terms/tachypnea |
Fast breathing |
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Breathing terms/dyspnea |
Difficulty breathing |
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Breathing terms/ Orthopnea |
Dyspnea while lying |
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Cardiovascular system/purpose and function |
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removes waste from the tissues |
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The cardiovascular system functional divisions |
Heart, blood vessels, blood |
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The heart |
Chambers, valves |
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The blood vessels consist of |
Arteries, veins, capillaries |
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What job do the arteries have |
Move blood away from the heart |
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Veins do what |
Return blood to the heart |
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Capillaries |
Allow for alveolar and cellular exchange of gases, nutrients and waste |
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Blood consist of |
Red blood cells/RBC’s, white blood cells/WBCs, platelets, plasma |
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Blood volume and the average adult |
70 to 80 mg/kilogram, 6 L/6000 milliliters |
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Circulation |
The movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels |
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Perfusion |
The delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems and the removal of waste products |
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Pulse |
The contractions of the ventricles felt over an artery
The heartbeat |
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Pulse |
The contractions of the ventricles felt over an artery
The heartbeat |
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Normal pulse |
Rate within normal limits, rhythm regular, strength can be felt over any artery that is close to the skin |
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Assessment of the cardiovascular system/average pulse rate in adults |
60-100 |
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Assessment of the cardiovascular system/average pulse rate in children |
70-130 |
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Assessment of the cardiovascular system/average pulse rate in infants |
80-140 |
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Assessment of the cardiovascular system/average pulse rate in infants |
80-140 |
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Assessment of the cardiovascular system/average pulse rate in newborns |
120-160 |
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Tachycardia |
Fast Heart rate (>100/min in adults) |
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Bradycardia |
Slow heart rate (>60/min at any age) |
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Assessment of the cardiovascular system/blood pressure |
The pressure of fluid within the arterial blood vessels |
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Systole |
Contraction of the heart |
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Diastole |
Relaxation of the heart, between contractions |
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Systolic Blood Pressure |
The pressure of fluid within the arterial blood vessels during the contraction of the ventricles Top number of a blood pressure reading 110/70 Determined by the fourth of ventricular contraction Can’t be felt as a pulse |
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Diastolic blood pressure |
The pressure of fluid within the arterial blood vessels between contractions of the ventricles A reflection of the degree of vascular constriction (tone) Bottom number of a blood pressure reading 110/70 |
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Normal blood pressure in adults |
90 -14 mmHg systolic 60-90 mmHg diastolic |
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Normal blood pressure in children |
(Age in years x 2) + 80= systolic BP |
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Hypertension |
High blood pressure A DIastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg |
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Hypertension |
High blood pressure A DIastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg |
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Hypotension |
Low blood pressure A systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg in adults A systolic blood pressure <60 mmHg in Children |
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The Lymphatic System /Purpose and function |
Movement of fluids Immunity |
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The Lymphatic System/ Functional Divisions |
Lymph vessels and nodes, Spleen |
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What is the name given to the tissue fluid after entering the lymph capillaries |
Lymph |
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the lymphatic System has No What? |
Pump |
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The nervous system/purpose and function |
Controls the involuntary voluntary actions of the body |
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The nervous system/functional divisions |
Central – autonomic – Peripheral |
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Central nervous system does what |
Controls all basic bodily functions in response to external changes |
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Central nervous system does what |
Controls all basic bodily functions in response to external changes |
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Peripheral Nervous system does what |
Provides a complete network of motor and sensory nerve fibers connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
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Central nervous system does what |
Controls all basic bodily functions in response to external changes |
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Peripheral Nervous system does what |
Provides a complete network of motor and sensory nerve fibers connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
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The autonomic nervous system |
Parallels spinal cord but is separately involved in control of exocrine glands,blood vessels,viscera and external genitalia |
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A sensory neuron transmits impulses from receptors A motor neurons transmit impulses to effectors |
The nervous system |
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The central nervous system |
Brain and spinal cord |
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Senses Cranial Nerves |
The Nervous System |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
somatic: Sensory Nerves, motor Nerves Automatic: Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Endocrine System: Purpose and function |
Regulates body functions through the secretion of hormones |
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Endocrine glands have no ducts, they secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Each hormone has specific target organs and tissues |
The Endocrine System |
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The Pituitary Gland |
Master Regulatory |
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Thyroid Gland |
Growth and Metabolism |
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Adrenal Gland |
Epinephrine Norepinephrine Cortisol Aldosterone |
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Pancreas |
Glucagon Insulin |
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Pancreas |
Glucagon Insulin |
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The digestive system/purpose and function |
Change complex organic nutrients into simple molecules to be transported to the cells |
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The digestive system/functional division |
Alimentary tube Accessory organs |
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The digestive system – functional divisions Alimentary Tube |
Extends from mouth to rectum Consist of the oral cavity , pharynx, Esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon |
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The digestive system – functional divisions Alimentary Tube |
Extends from mouth to rectum Consist of the oral cavity , pharynx, Esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon |
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The digestive system/functional divisions Accessory organs |
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, Liver, gallbladder and pancreas |
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The digestive system – functional divisions Alimentary Tube |
Extends from mouth to rectum Consist of the oral cavity , pharynx, Esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon |
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The digestive system/functional divisions Accessory organs |
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, Liver, gallbladder and pancreas |
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The digestive system/functional divisions The digestion of food takes place where? |
Oral cavity, stomach and small intestine’s |
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The urinary system: purpose and function |
Regulation of fluids, regulation of electrolytes, regulation of pH, regulation of blood pressure |
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The reproductive system: purpose and function |
Reproduction |
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Anatomy and Physiology:function |
Warm Filter Humidity Exchange gas |
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Upper airway consist of |
Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx and Larynx |
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Lower Airway |
Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs: Bronchioles Alveoli |
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Ventilation |
Movement of gases into and out of the lungs Breathing |
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Control of Ventilation |
Chemoreceptors Pons *Apneustic *Pneumotaxic Medulla Hering-Breuer reflex |
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Anatomy and physiology Minute volume |
Tidal volume X rate = minute volume 500(ml) X 16 =8000 ml 150 (ml) x 30 = 4500 ml |
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Ventilation volumes |
Dead air space: Anatomical dead air =150 mL Physiological dead air = ? |
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Alveolar volume Title volume – dead air X rate = Alveolar volume |
(By-Vd) X r=Va (500 ml- 150 ml) x 12=4200 ml |
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Composition of Atmospheric Air Nitrogen |
597 Torr 78.6% |
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Composition of atmospheric air Oxygen |
159TORR 20.9% |
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Composition of atmospheric air Carbon dioxide |
0.3 TORR 0.03% |
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Composition of atmospheric air other gases |
3.7 TORR 0.47% |
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Pediatric differences |
Head size, nasopharynx, mouth, tongue, epiglottis, trachea |
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Pediatric differences |
Chest abdomen, oxygen demand:6–8 mL/kg/minute |
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Standard precautions |
Gloves and eye protection |
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Assessment of the airway Noise during breathing |
Strider Snoring Gurgling |
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Assessment Of the airway |
Noise during breathing, position of facial structures, fluids present, size and shape of mouth opening, size and shape of chin and jaw |
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Management of the airway Three steps |
Position the airway, suction as necessary, insert an airway adjunct |
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Place patient supine if possible EMT at the top of the patient’s head is not at the patient’s side |
Position the airway |
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Position the airway How to position him facial structures |
Jaw lift Head tilt/ chin lift |
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Jaw thrust |
Position the facial structure |
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Position the airway – pediatric patients |
Head size and shape, airway structure |
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Airway management: suction |
Remove blood ,Liquids and food from the airway Suction immediately if gurgling is heard or fluid is visible |
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Suction unit |
Manual, vehicle Mounted electric, Portable – battery operated |
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Suction catheters |
Rigid catheter (yankauer) Soft catheter (French) |
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Suction techniques that equipment |
Check daily, charged battery, 300 MMHG minimum |
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Suction techniques |
Adjust vacuum if necessary Appropriate type and size catheters |