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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
The definition of Pathophysiology
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The study of the function of the organism in the presence of suffering/disease.
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The definition of a tissue
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Groups of similar cells that work together for common function.
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Organelle responsible for ATP production and usage
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The powerhouse; mitochondria
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Location and definition of epithelial tissue
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Type of tissue that covers the external surfaces of the body, also lines hollow organs within the body. Funtion is protective barrier, absorption of nutrients in the intestines, secretion ie. sweat.
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Characteristics of connective tissue
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Type of tissue that binds other types of tissue together. Addipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of lipids/fats.
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The definition of homeostasis
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Degree of stability or equilibrium within the body. Greek words for "same" and "steady." Also called dynamic steady state. The body maintains homeostais by balancing what it takes in with what it puts out.
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The definition of endogenous ligands
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Ligands are molecules that are either produced by the body (endogenous) or given as a drug (exogenous), and bind to a receptor leading to a reaction. In addition to meds, common ligands include hormones, neurotransmitter, and electrolytes.
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The difference between endocrine and exocrine hormones
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Endocrine hormones are carried to their target organ or cell group in the blood. Exocrine hormones reach their target via a specific duct that opens into the organ.
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The definition of hypertrophy
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Adaption of the cell leading to an increase in size of a cell due to synthesis of more subcellular components, inturn leading to an increase size of the tissue and organ. IE. The Lt ventricle of the heart may hypertrophy due to high resistance pressue from HTN.
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The definition of dysplasia
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Adaption of the cell leading to an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells. IE. Commonly found in epithelial cells that have undergone irregular, atypical changes in response to chronic irritation or inflammation. Respiratory tracts of smokers producing cancer.
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Results of the net effect of osmosis
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The movement of water down its concentration gradient and across a membrane. Low to high.
Look up to make sure this is complete answer. |
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Definition and examples of isotonic hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions.
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Isotonic-Solutions are equal.
Hypotonic-Low solute concentration, leser osmotic pressure than the cell. Lower to higher cell increase in size. Hypertonic-high solute concentration, higher osmotic pressure than the cell. Lower to higher cell decrease in size. Examples? |
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Complications from a defective sodium-potassium pump
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If the pump is impaired due to insufficient potassium in the body, sodium accumulates and causes cell to swell.
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The cardinal sign of overhydration is...
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edema.
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Characteristics of acute pulmonary edema
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Excess fluid in the lungs impairs the diffusion of oxygen into the pulmonary capillaries, making the the pt hypoxic.
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Effects of decreased lymphatic drainage
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Edema
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Primary factors that affect baroreceptors
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One of the three types of receptors involved in monitoring body's state of hydration. Found primarily in the carotid artery, aorta, and kidney, sensitive to changes in blood pressure.
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Characteristics of Renin
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A protein that is release by the kidneys into the bloodstream in response to changes in BP, blood flow, the amount of sodium in the tubular fluid, and the glomerular filtration rate. It converts plasma protein causing sodium resorption by the renal tubules, constriction of renal blood vessels, slowing kidney blood flow and decreasing glumerular filtration rate.
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Actions of the RAAS negative feedback system
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Sodium and chloride are very important electrolytes within the body of pH balance. Sodium in general is taken in by food and regulated primarily by the renin-angiotensin system (RAAS) and natriurectic proteins. The RAAS is a comples feed back mechanism responsible for the kidney's regulation of sodium in the body. When the sodium is present in excess they kidney excretes it, when levels are low it reabsorbs sodium.
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The definition of hyperkalemia
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High potassium
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Effects of D50 on the cells
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hypotonic solution low to high
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Storage locations of magnesium
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~50% of the body's magnesium are stored in the bone, ~49% in the body's cells, remaining 1% in extracellular fluid.
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pH range of the body
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Measurement of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is called pH. Normal range for the body is 7.35-7.45
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Acid effects on pH homeostasis (including salicylates)
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If the pH is too low (acidosis), neurons become less excitable & CNS depression results, causing confusion, and disorientation. If CNS depression progresses, the respiratory centers cease function, leading to death. Can cause respiratory acidosis, abnormal hypervent to excrete CO2 decreasing the acidosis, Kussmaul respirations.
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Primary cause of hyperventilation is
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Respiratory acidosis
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Effects of hypoxia on the cells
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Cells are hypoxic for more than a few seconds produce mediators, substance that may damage other local or distant body locations. This lead to positive feedback cycle and further damage.
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Effects of cyanide on the mitochondria
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Cyanide induces cell hypoxia by blocking oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria preventing matabolism of oxygen.
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Bacteria vs Viruses
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Bacteria can capsule or not trying to protect itself from phagocytes. They produce endotoxins or exotoxins, which lead to cell injury or death. Large amounts of toxin can create sepsis.
Viruses are parasites containing RNA or DNA and take over the metabolic process of a host cell. Replication of the virus occurs within the host. |
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Apoptosis
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Normal cell death. Uniquely programmed within the cell, playing a normal role in aging as well as other functions. They undergo controlled degradation with cellular "cyanide," recycling many components.
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Genetic risk vs familial tendency
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Genetic risk and familial tendency are two different terms.
Genetic risk is one passed through generation by inheritance of a gene. In contrast, with a fimilial tendency, diseases may "cluster" in family group despite lack of evidence for heritable gene-association. |
6.19
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Where allergies are acquired
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Allergies are acquired following inital exposure to a stimulant, known as allergen. Repeat exposure causes the immune system to react to the allergen.
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Characteristics of type 1 diabetes
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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus needing exgenous insulin to survive. Born with and the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.
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Characteristics of hemolytic anemia
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Increase destruction of RBC, causes include Rh factor blood transfusion reaction, or exposure to chemicals.
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Characteristics of cardiomyopathy
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A general term for disease of the myocardium that ultimately progress to heart failure, acute MI, or death. Cause heart muscle to become thin, flabby, dilated, or enlarged.
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Characteristics of muscular dystrophy
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Generic term for diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of group of skeletal muscles.
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The body's response to hypoperfusion
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When the level of tissue perfusion decrease below normal. Perfusion is defined as delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste from the cells, organs, and tissue by circulatory system. In response to hypoperfusion the body release catecholamines, ie epi and norepi, producing vasoconstriction. RAAS is activated and antidiuretic hormone is released from the pituitary gland triggering salt and water retention along with vasoconstriction, increasing BP and cardiac output. The spleen has the ability if needed to release blood. Initial compensatory mechanisms is to increase preload, stroke volume, and HR, increasing cardiac output and myocardial oxygen demand.
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Causes of cardiogenic shock
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A type of central shock. Cardiogenic shock is when the heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheal oxygen delivery. Most common causes of cardiogenic shock is MI, only requiring loss of 40% or more of functioning myocardium.
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The definition of obstructive shock
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A type of central shock. Obstructive shock is when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels. In pericardial tamponade diastolic filling of the Rt ventricle is impaired due to significant amounts of fluid in the pericardial sac leading to decrease cardiac output. Also includes PE, tension pneumothorax preventing adequate blood flow to lungs, resulting in inadequate venous return to the Lt side of heart.
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Primary cause of hypovolemic shock
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A type of periphearal shock in which the circulating blood volume is unable to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients.
Two types of hypovolemic shock depending on where the fluid loss is from, exogenous and enogenous. Exo (most common) external bleeding, diarrhea, or vomitting. Edogenous is loss of fluid within. |
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Characteristics of distributive shock-
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Widespread dilation of the resistance vessels (small arterioles), the capacitance vessels (small venules), or both. The circulating blood volume then "pools" in the expanded vascular beds, and tissue perfusion decrease. The three most common types of distributive shock are anaphylactic, septic shock, and neurogenic shock.
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Characteristics of anaphylactic shock
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When exposed to an allergen, histamine and other vasodilator proteins are released. The causes wheezing, hives, vasodilation of blood vessels causing leakage into the interstital spaces (distributive shock), resulting in intravascular hypovolemia.
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Definition of neurogenic shock
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Results usually from spinal cord injury, loss of normal sympathetic nervous tone and vasodilation.
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Factors contributing to the strength of pulse
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Strength of the peripheral pulse relate to the stroke volume and pulse pressure. Peripheral pulses should be readily palpable if the person is not in shock, although cold environments or obesity compromising the presence or strength of shock.
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Components of MODS
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Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is progressive condition usually characterized by concurrent failure of sever organs which occur after sever illness or injury. MODS occurs when injury or infection triggers a massive systemic immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response with release of inflammatory mediators, causing damage to cells. MODS develops hours to days following resuscitation.
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Signs and Symptoms of the inflammatory system
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A response of the tissue of the body to irritation or injury characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and heat.
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The chief WBC of the immune system is the...
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lymphocytes.
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T lymphocytes mature in the...
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thymus.
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Components of passive acquired immunity
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A high specific inducible, discriminatory, and unforgetting method by which armies of cells respond to an immune stimulant. When the body is exposed it produces antibodies to that invader. Last shorter than active acquire immunity.
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Progression of the induction phase of the immune response
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The beginning when the immune system recognize an antigen, releasing antibody to bind to specific antigen so that it can attach itself to a specialize immune cell which ingest or attach the antigen.
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Activators of B lymphocytes are
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helper T cells
B lymphocytes make antibodies |
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Destruction of a nonencapsulated bacteria is performed by
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macrophages with ingestion immediately.
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Primary causes of inflammation are
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physical injury, chemical agents, and immunologic substance
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Progression of the acute inflammatory response
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Following degranulation of mast cells, vasoactive amiones are released. Most important of them is histamine and serotonin, which increase vascular permeability, cause vasodilation, can cause bronchoconstriction, nausea, and vomiting.
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Mast cells also synthesize lukotrienes
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Also know as slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis are primary endogenous mediators of inflammation.
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Definition of fibrin
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The protein that polymerizes (bonds) to form the fibrous component of blood clot.
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How inter leukins function
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Release by lyphocytes as cellular products of inflammation they attract WBC to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion.
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Definition of isoimmunity
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The formation of T cells or antibodies directed against the antigens or another person's cell.
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Components of the type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
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Acute reaction that occurs in reaction to stimulate. Involving interaction between antigen and a performed antibody of IgE type. First exposure they bind to nonspecific region, within the 2nd exposure they are cross linked to antigen, resulting in mast degranulation.
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Examples of autoimmunity disease
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Target a person's own tissue treating the body as foreign matter. Graves disease, type 1 diabetes, rhematoid arthritis. Refer to page 6.44 for more
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idopathic
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cause is unknown
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Effects of negative and positive Rh factor on each other.
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If an individual with Rh negative blood were exposed to Rh positive blood, antibodies to the antigen could be produced.
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Components of the resistance stage of the stress reaction
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Stage 2, after the release of chemicals, is the body's way of adapting to stress. Stimulating the adrenal gland to secrete two types of corcosterol hormones, glucocorticoids and mineralocoids. Of the glucorticoids is cortisol, potent anti-inflammatory actions. Mineralocorticods control electrolyte and water levels mainly promoting sodium retention by kidney eventually leads to fatigue lapses in concentration, irritability, and lethargy.
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Effects of severe prolonged stress on the body
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Exhaustion stage leads to adrenal glands depletion, decrease blood glucose, decrease stress tolerance, progressive mental and physical exhaustion, illness, and collapse. The immune system is compromised significantly.
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Common cause of orthostatic hypotension
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is dehydration
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