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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Elizabeths 3 short term aims as queen |
Consolidate her position Settle religious issues Pursue a peaceful settlement with the French |
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William Cecil |
Elizabeths principal secretary and leader of one of the two factions in her court. Eventually given the title Lord Burghley |
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Protestant influences on Elizabeth |
Mother Anne Boleyn was protestant Her teachers were knowledgeable about Lutheran ideas |
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Catholic influences on Elizabeth |
Liked some traditional Catholic teachings Liked the ornaments eg candles alters and church music Disagreement with archbishop of Canterbury Matthew Parker over clemency - living with his wife |
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Influences on religious settlement at home |
Royal Proclamation insisted there would be no preaching opposition of Catholic Bishops appointed by Mary Catholic voting block in the house of Lords They objected to bring the protestant prayer book of 1552 back |
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Influences on religious settlement abroad |
Still at war with France and unable to rely on Spain. Scotland allied with France with Mary QoS being heir to the English and French throne Cateau cambresis ended wars between France and Spain |
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What 5 things did the Elizabethan religious settlement consist of |
Act of Supremacy (1559) Act of uniformity (1559) Royal injunctions (1559) New book of common prayer 39 articles of religion (1563) |
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Act of Supremacy 1559 |
Established the monarch as supreme governor of the church rather than supreme head All churchmen had to swear an oath of loyalty New Court 'court of high comission' prosecuted those who were disloyal |
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Significance of act of Supremacy |
Governor means overseeing matters whilst head meant complete control. Elizabeth as a woman could not guarantee this |
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Examples of change with the act of uniformity 1559 |
Any practises before 1549 and first book of common prayer should be followed Altar replaced by a more protestant communion table |
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Continuity with the 1559 act of uniformity |
Crosses and candles as used in Catholic churches could be used Catholic appearance for priests |
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Changes with 1559 royal injunctions |
Preachers had to be licensed by a bishop Preachers had to do at least 1 service a month or they'd lose the license Pilgrimages outlawed No more destruction of alters |
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Example of continuity with the royal injunctions |
Each church had to have a bible written in English |
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1559 prayer book |
Aimed to establish 1 set of doctrines Fusion of 2 previous prayer books in particular the bread and wine |
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39 articles 1563 |
A statement of what angelicanism is Made law in 1571 |
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Act of exchange 1559 |
Elizabeth was allowed to take over property belonging to Bishops and force them to only rent land to her |
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What 4 issues did Elizabeth face finding a possible suitor |
A foreign suitor could confirm or strengthen English alliances or diplomatic position However England could become a satellite of a foreign husbands native country (Mary) To marry an English suitor might upset the domestic political balance and exacerbate fictionalised Issue of suitors religion was important and the religious settlement indicated she wouldn't marry a Catholic |
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What pressures were on Elizabeth to marry |
There was no guarantee that she would last long and needed to achieve stability. The issue of a female ruler was real for many in the kingdom Marriage could provide the opportunity for a male heir |
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Advantages and disadvantages for Elizabeth marrying Philip |
Provided political continuity and stability Work with England against France Work together to prevent Mary QoS gaining influence in England Elizabeth wasn't interested in the match |
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Advantages and disadvantages for marrying Austrian archdukes Ferdinand and Charles |
Younger sons of HRE Would ensure habsburgs remain friendly to England Ferdinand was a Catholic |
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Advantages and disadvantages of marrying Prince Eric of Sweden |
Protestant Heir to Swedish throne Elizabeth liked him and his gifts Little point as Sweden was insignificant in European diplomacy |
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Advantages and disadvantages of marrying Robert Dudley |
Liz spent s lot of time with him and liked him His family was executed by lizs family Already married but his wife died suspiciously William Cecil was against the match |
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How could Elizabeth not marrying be seen as a positive policy choice |
It helped her with diplomacy when the country was threatened by Spain and helped to build trade relationships because she always had the carrot of her marriage |
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Successes and failings of treaty of Cateau cambresis |
Immediate end to the war in France England entitled to compensation over calais Treaty easily broken,return of calais after 8 years gives France time to defend it Calais is still under French control which is bad for England |
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John Knox |
Leader of the Lords of the congregation and founder of Presbyterianism |
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Evidence of success with intervention in Scotland |
Cecil was able to secure good terms in the treaty of Edinburgh French forced to withdraw from Scotland England gained full support of the Lords of the congregation who had influence at court Mary Stuarts influence on French policy came to an end |
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Evidence of failure with intervention in Scotland |
Initial siege after treaty of Berwick failed Elizabeth only succeeded due to luck (death of Francis II) |
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Why did Cecil want to intervene in Scotland |
He sympathised with the religious predicament of Scottish Protestants He knew England would be more secure with French troops gone He sought the removal of Mary QoS a potential Catholic claimant to the English throne |
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Why was Elizabeth reluctant to intervene in Scotland |
She hated John Knox the leader of Scottish Protestants who had written against female rulers |
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Treaty of Berwick 1560 |
Elizabeth agreed to provide conditional support to the Lords of the congregation and sent an army north |
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Treaty of Edinburgh 1560 |
Treaty between Elizabeth and the Lords of congregation ending the siege of leith and replacing the auld alliance with an Angloscottish alliance whilst keeping peace with England and France |
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Successes of intervention in France in 1562 |
Catholic leader the Duke of guise assassination Calais was expensive to maintain and could be used as a platform for invasion (good that it was lost) |
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Failures of intervention in France |
Hugenot army defeated and leader captured - Elizabeth had loaned him £30000 English forced to agree to unfavourable terms at treaty of Troyes Permanent loss of Calais |
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Who encouraged Elizabeth to act against French Catholics |
Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester |
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Treaty of Troyes |
England was forced to recognise French ownership of Calais and in return France paid 120000 |
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2 main causes of poverty in Elizabethan England |
Increase in population Harvest failure |
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Deserving and undeserving poor |
Undeserving - Should be given no assistance and punished if found begging Deserving - Entitled to receive limited assistance from the government |
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What methods did Elizabeth use to control and enhance her image as queen |
Royal progresses Toned down extravagance and court to save money Courtly rituals such as jousting in her honour |
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What were the main functions of the privy council |
Discussions about Law and Order Defence Religious enforcement Manage parliament Advice Finances |
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What was the purpose of patronage |
Giving power and influence to people to keep their loyalty and prevent rebellion |
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What forms of patronage could be given out |
Grants of office - Higher positions in society Grant of pensions or land Monopolies |
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What were Monopolies |
A lucrative form of income for the recipient who had the sole right to manufacture or sell a particular item |
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What problems did Monopolies create |
They prevented competition in markets and there was frequent complaints about them Allowed merchants to artificially alter prices too high |
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Views and policies Cecil promoted |
Attacked religious extremism and sought to preserve England's independence when dealing with France and Spain. Conservative and a stabiliser |
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Matthew Parker |
Elizabeths archbishop of Canterbury had been in exile during Marys reign but was trusted by Elizabeth as he had been chaplain to Anne Boleyn |
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Marquis of Winchester |
A conservative along with Essex and Duke of Norfolk. Given the position of Lord treasurer his death along with other conservatives such as the Duke of Norfolk led to a reshaping of the privy council under Cecil |
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Earl of Essex |
Stepson of the Earl of Leicester in military service to Elizabeth. He failed to restore order in Ireland and rebelled against Elizabeth in 1601after being frozen out of court by cecil leading to his execution |
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Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester |
Created Earl of Leicester in 1564. Involved in a plot to marry Mary QoS to Norfolk which led to the northern rebellion. Norfolk was executed but Dudley was forgiven |
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How did Dudley influence faction at elizabeths court |
Leader of a more radical group of ploticians at court and in the privy council. He supported active policies to defeat Catholicism and was frustrated by the Queens caution. He had so much influence being a favourite of Liz and therefore could voice his opinions freely |
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How well did Elizabeth manage factions |
For the most part well although the factions disagreed with each other they were both loyal to Elizabeth and the balance of power never shifted |
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List of examples of Elizabeth getting what she wanted from parliament |
Religious settlement Money for suppression of 1569 rebellion Tightening of the treason law against Catholics Further tightening of Catholic laws after assassination of William of orange Money for war against Spain in 1589 Triple and quadruple subsidies in 1597 and 1601 Golden speech |
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List of examples of Elizabeth failing to achieve what she wanted from parliament |
Requests for money in 63 and 67 William Strickland annoyed Elizabeth because he suggested changes to the book of common prayer Outrage in 63 and 66 when privy council raised issue of succession 60 bills weren't passed by parliament |
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Peter Wentworth |
Puritan member of parliament imprisoned in the tower in 1576 for demanding greater freedom of speech |
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Golden speech 1601 |
One of Elizabeths final speeches during a period of turmoil. The reaction to this showed how well liked Elizabeth had been with many mps leaving in tears |
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3 Aims of Elizabeths foreign policy |
To secure the succession through alliances and prevent Mary QoS being her successor Increase the power of protestant England against Catholic Europe Use the prospect of marriage as a diplomatic tool |
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Northern Rebellion 1569 |
Catholic Duke of Norfolk plotted to remove Elizabeth from power and replace her with Mary. Spain refused to intervene until the revolt Started. Norfolk surrendered and the conspirators were hanged |
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Consequences of the northern rebellion |
Strengthened local government - council of the North under Huntingdon |
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Ridolfi Plot 1571 |
Ridolfi a florentine merchant intended to marry Mary QoS to Norfolk. Uncovered by Walsinghams network of spurs and informants. After it was discovered the leaders including Norfolk was executed |
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Throckmorton plot 1583 |
Throckmorton was an English Catholic and acted as intermediary between Mary and mendoza the Spanish ambassador. Wanted Mary as queen. Foiled by Walsinghams spies again. |
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Significance of Throckmorton plot |
Led to creation of the bond of association Worsened Anglo Spanish relations Tightened conditions of Marys captivity - she was moved multiple times |
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Babington plot 1586 |
Mary involved in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth. Exposed by Walsinghams codebreaker. This also enabled Burghley to execute Mary Qos |
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Death of Mary QoS |
1587 one year before Spanish armada and Elizabeth delayed the execution as long as she could. |
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The final succession |
Elizabeth did not have children and is James VI of Scotland had the best claim. Elizabeths councillors including Robert cecil kept contact with James and kept their positions in court |
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Treaty of Hampton Court 1562 |
Proposed loans and aid to protestant hugenots |
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Treaty of Troyes 1564 |
Brought and end to the conflict between England and France over le havre |
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Actions of John Hawkins |
He attempted to break the Spanish trading monopoly in the carribean until he was blockaded in 1568 |
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Situation in the Netherlands |
Elizabeth came under pressure to help Dutch protestants under the control of Philip. |
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Why was Elizabeth reluctant to act in the Netherlands |
She had heavy losses after intervention in France She didn't want to aid rebels fighting a sovereign authority |
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Trade harassment of Spain |
Elizabeth impounded 400000 florins from a Spanish ship intended to pay the Duke of Albas army in 1568. Alba seized English ships and property in the Netherlands as retaliation |
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Expulsion of the sea beggars |
Elizabeth expelled the sea beggars in 1572 who were forced to land in the Dutch port of brielle. This caused a fill scale revolt against Spanish control |
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Treaty of Joinville 1584 |
Between Philip and the Catholic league in France (guise family) he promised to finance them and gave him no reason to not support Mary QoS |
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Treaty of Nonsuch 1585 |
Elizabeth alliance with the Dutch protestants rebels sending 8000 troops under the command of Robert Dudley |
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Spanish armada |
1588 intended to travel from Cadiz to the Spanish Netherlands but attacked by England in the channel and driven north. Whilst attempting to loop round Ireland back to Spain the Spanish fleet was wrecked by storms |
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Statute of Artificers 1563 |
Compulsory labour especially at harvest time A prohibition on anyone following a craft unless they served a 7 year apprenticeship Setting of wage rates for JPs |
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Poor act 1576 |
Towns were required to make provision for the employment of the deserving poor |
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Poor acts in 1598 and 1601 |
The parish was made responsible for collecting taxes used for poor relief. An overseer was appointed to ensure relief was distributed fairly. Also arranged apprenticeships for children in poverty |
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Earl of Tyrone |
Irish Earl who rebelled against Elizabeths rule. Threatens rhe creation of Catholic Ireland with Spanish support. Defeated Earl of Essex who sided with him before being defeated by Lord Mountjoy |
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Battle of Yellow ford 1598 |
Earl of Tyrone gained control of most of Ireland beyond the pale |
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Failure of the Earl of essex |
Elizabeth sent him to Ireland as Lord lieutenant in 1599. He disobeyed her and made s truce with the Earl of Tyrone allowing him to increase his power in Ireland. Elizabeth was forced to send Lord Mountjoy who forced Tyrone into retreat |
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Attempts to expand trade under Elizabeth |
Origination of the slave trade from Guinea to America. Market of wool moved from antwerp to Amsterdam Establishment of numerous trade companies such as muscovy in Russia,East India in India and levant with ottoman turks |
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Patterns of trade under Elizabeth |
Value of internal trade exceeded that of foreign trade Wide range of imported luxury goods The cloth trade in Netherlands declined New overseas markets were established but were economically marginal |
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Exploitation and colonialisation under Elizabeth |
Colonisation of America named Virginia by Walter Raleigh |
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Jesuits |
Dedicated servants to the Pope. Pope sent them to England to try and revert them to Catholicism |
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What events post 1567 influenced a harder policy towards Catholics |
1571 act made papal bulls treasonable 1585 act against jesuits making it illegal for priests underbpapal authority to enter England |
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Duke of Anjou |
Potential marriage candidate for Elizabeth and led to a formal alliance with France although the marriage never took place |
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Treaty of Blois 1572 |
Replaced the marriage idea with the Duke of Anjou with a formal Anglo French defensive alliance against Spain |
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In what year was Elizabeth excommunicated by the pope |
1570 |
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Murder of William of orange |
1584 protestant leader in the Netherlands was assassinated by the spanish |