Ecology Lecture 4 Exam 1

Front 1

Water has many properties

Back 1

favorable to life

Front 2

What do aquatic environments challenge?

Back 2

The balance of water and salt in animals

Front 3

The uptake of gases from water is limited by

Back 3

diffusion

Front 4

What limits the occurrence of aquatic life?

Back 4

Temperature

Front 5

What is more efficient for O2 and H2O?

Back 5

Countercurrent circulation

Front 6

What does countercurrent circulation do?

Back 6

Maintains concentration difference

Front 7

What are some adaptation to low oxygen? (4)

Back 7

1. low metabolic rate

2. increased hemoglobin

3. Mutualism with photosynthetic algae

4. Not use O2 at all (use anaerobic respiration)

Front 8

T or F: temperature does not affect how proteins fold

Back 8

False, they do work best at specific temp

Front 9

What is denaturing a protein?

Back 9

Misfolds, doesn't have normal enzymatic activity

Front 10

What happens to rate of reactions as temp increases?

Back 10

Speeds up

Front 11

Heat-loving organisms

Back 11

Thermophillic, they are geothermal activity proteins designed for high temp

Front 12

Glycerol, glycoproteins in blood and tissues

Back 12

Antifreeze

Front 13

Does antifreeze increase or decrease the freezing point of blood?

Back 13

Decrease

Front 14

Seeds of crystal, glycoproteins inhibit ice crystal formation

Back 14

Supercooling

Front 15

What does super cooling do to Freezing point of blood in tissues?

Back 15

Decreases it

Front 16

Changing temperature of an environment via human activity

Back 16

Thermal pollution

Front 17

What allows coral reefs to function well?

Back 17

Bacteria that live and work with coral animals

Front 18

What is coral bleeching?

Back 18

Bacteria leave and coral animals die off without bacteria

Front 19

Where do most terrestrial plants obtain nutrients and water?

Back 19

From the soil

Front 20

What provides energy for photosynthesis?

Back 20

Sunlight

Front 21

Terrestrial environments pose a challenge for animals to balance what three things?

Back 21

Balance water, salt and nitrogen

Front 22

What do adaptations to different temperatures allow?

Back 22

Life all around the planet

Front 23

What are the three main things plants require?

Back 23

CHO

Front 24

What inorganic nutrients do plants require?

Back 24

N, P, Ca, and K

Front 25

How are many nutrients obtained from soil?

Back 25

as ions dissolved in water held by the soil

Front 26

What are some compounds that nutrients come in?

Back 26

Ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, calcium and Potassium

Front 27

What limits plant growth and reproduction?

Back 27

Scarcity of nutrient rich compounds

Front 28

Water potential=

Back 28

sum of all relevant potentials= sum of forces that could case water to move

Front 29

Water potential =

Back 29

Osmotic + gravimetric + Matrix

Front 30

potential energy generated by the attractive forces between water molecules and soil particles

Back 30

Matrix potential

Front 31

What is field capacity?

Back 31

Maximum amount of water that soil can hold

Front 32

What is the value of matrix potential if soil is fully saturated with water?

Back 32

0

Front 33

Wilting point

Back 33

Water potential below which a plant cannot extract water

Front 34

What is the value of wilting point?

Back 34

-1.5 MPa

Front 35

When matrix potential is less than zero what happens?

Back 35

Water closer to soil Particles on average

Front 36

Put Salt, Sand, and Clay in order of larger to smaller

Back 36

Sand, Silt, and Clay is the smallest

Front 37

What is loam?

Back 37

A mix of sand, silt, and clay

Front 38

Is loam good for plants?

Back 38

Yes, very

Front 39

What does the amount of water soil can hold at saturation depend on?

Back 39

Surface area of particles per unit volume

Front 40

Do smaller particles have more or less surface area?

Back 40

More SA

Front 41

What holds water most tightly?

Back 41

Clay

Front 42

What holds water loosely

Back 42

sand

Front 43

Field capacity - wilting point=

Back 43

how much water is available to plants

Front 44

Field capacity is usually higher or lower than wilting point?

Back 44

Higher

Front 45

Water potential is greater in the ______ than the ______

Back 45

Soil> roo

Front 46

Osmotic potential can change? by what?

Back 46

by having more solute, more ions or organic compounds

Front 47

The Epidermis is _____ from the center than the cortex?

Back 47

Farther

Front 48

Water potential that drives water from the soil into the xylem

Back 48

Root pressure

Front 49

Root pressure can also be defined as

Back 49

Tension differences in water potential

Front 50

Mutual attraction among water molecules

Back 50

Cohesion

Front 51

Generates water potential in leaves as water evaporates from the surfaces of leaf cells

Back 51

Transpiration

Front 52

Small openings on leaf surfaces where carbon dioxide enters leaf and water exits

Back 52

Stomata

Front 53

What is cohesion-tension theory due to?

Back 53

Hydrogen bonding

Front 54

What are cohesive forces due to?

Back 54

Transpiration

Front 55

What do guard cells do?

Back 55

Close or open stomata to prevent excess water loss

Front 56

What are stomata?

Back 56

Openings in leaves for gas exchange

Front 57

Root structure helps to________ SA

Back 57

increase

Front 58

What do surface hairs do?

Back 58

Reduce evaporation

Front 59

What happens to plants when leaves are small?

Back 59

Low SA volume, which leads to slower evaporation

Front 60

What is energy from the Sun called?

Back 60

Electromagnetic radiation

Front 61

What are units of electromagnetic radiation called?

Back 61

Photons

Front 62

What has the longest wavelength but least energy?

Back 62

Red light

Front 63

Does purple have a long or short wavelength?

Back 63

Short

Front 64

E= what?

Back 64

Hf

Front 65

Energy and wavelength are?

Back 65

inversely proportional

Front 66

Specialized organelles in eukaryotic organisms used for photosynthesis

Back 66

Chloroplasts

Front 67

Pigments do what?

Back 67

Capture light

Front 68

Chlorophyll is what color?

Back 68

Green

Front 69

What color are carotenoids?

Back 69

Orange

Front 70

Chloroplasts have what type of membrane?

Back 70

Double membrane

Front 71

Where do the light reactions take place?

Back 71

Thylakoid membrane

Front 72

Which class of pigment best captures the highest energy light photons?

Back 72

A, because of the shortest wavelength

Front 73

Chlorophyll A is a main pigment found where?

Back 73

IN all photosynthetic organisms

Front 74

What does chlorophyll a do?

Back 74

violet absorption

Front 75

What do accessory pigments b,c,df and carotenoids do?

Back 75

Allow a broader range of absorption

Front 76

Photosynthesis equation

Back 76

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + photons (energy) ⟶ C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Front 77

Which of the following would not increase the uptake of water by a plant from its roots?

A. Increases the matric potential of the soil to the field capacity

B. Increase the temperature

C. Increase the Carbon Dioxide concentration in the air outside the plant

D. Increase the root surface area

Back 77

C. Increase the Carbon Dioxide concentration in the air outside the plant

Front 78

Which class of pigments best captures the highest energy light (photons)?

Back 78

Chlorophyll A