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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_________ consists of solid material that has been deposited on Earth's surface by wind, water, ice, gravity, or chemical precipitation.
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Sediment
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Glaciers and landslides tend to create ______ ________ in which sediments of different sizes are mixed together.
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unsorted deposits
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During ________ ________, the minerals in a rock are dissolved or otherwise chemically changed.
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chemical weathering
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The process by which mineral growth binds sediment grains together into solid rock is ________.
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cementation
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Weathering produces _____ __________ which are rock and mineral fragments.
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clastic sediments
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When sediments become cemented together, they form ________ _____.
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sedimentary rock.
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As a result of _________, sediments are laid down on the ground or in bodies of water.
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deposition
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The physical and chemical process called _______ transforms sediments into sedimentary rocks.
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lithification
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During ______ ________, minerals remain chemically unchanged, and rock fragments simply break off of the solid rock along fractures or grain boundaries.
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physical weathering
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Sediments tend to form _____ ________ when transported by water and wind.
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sorted deposits
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TRUE OR FALSE-
Lithification begins with erosion. |
False, lithification begins with compaction
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TRUE OR FALSE-
Muds may contain up to 60 percent water and shrink as excess water is squeezed out. |
TRUE
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TRUE OR FALSE-
Sands are usually poorly compacted during deposition. and they tend to compact a great deal during burial. |
FALSE- They do not compact a great deal during burial.
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TRUE OR FALSE-
Groundwater, oils, and natural gases are commonly found within pore spaces in sedimentary rocks |
TRUE
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The temperature in Earth's crust decreases with depth.
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FALSE
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True OR False-
Mud Compacts more than sand. |
True
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True Or False-
Physical weathering changes the composition of mineral fragments |
FALSE- Chemical weathering does this.
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True or False-
In one type of cementation, a new mineral grows between sediment grains. |
True
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The primary featuer of sedimentary rocks is _______, or horizontal layering.
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BEDDING
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The type of bedding that occurs depends on the sediment's method of ______.
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Transport
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Bedding is called _____ when the heaviest and coarsest material is on the bottom.
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Graded bedding
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________ bedding forms when inclined layers or sediment migrate forward across a horizontal surface.
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Cross bedding
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Large-scale cross-bedding can be formed by migrating _____ _______.
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sand dunes
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When sediment is moved into small ridges by wind or wave action, ______ _______ can form.
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ripple marks
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Many sedimentary rocks contain _______, the preserved remains, impressions, or any other evidence of once-living organisms.
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fossils
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During __________, parts of an organism can be replaced by minerals and turned into rock.
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lithification
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The pressure required for metamorphism can be generated by
A- Pressure from weight of overlying rock B- heat from magma bodies in contact with surrounding rock C- cementation and lithification D- Hydrothermal solutions. |
A- Pressure from weight of overlying rock
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A regional metamorphic belt is divided into zones based upon
A-number of volcanoes in area B-Mineral groups found in rocks C-Types of fossils found in rocks D-Current underground temps |
B- mineral groups found in rocks
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Contact metamorphism occurs under conditions of
A-high pressure and high temp B-High temp and moderate to low pressure C-low temp and very high pressure. D-Low temp and moderate to low pressure. |
B- High temp and moderate to low pressure.
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Minerals that crystallize at higher temperatures as a result of contact metamorphism tend to be found near
A- coal deposits B- bodies of water C- coral reefs D- igneous intrusions |
D- igneous intrusions
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The type of metamorphism that occurs when very hot water reacts with and alters the mineralogy of rock is
A-contact B-regionaL C-hydrothermal D-local |
C-hydrothermal
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Metamorphic rocks in which the long axes of their minerals are perpendicular to the pressure that altered them are described as
A-marble-like B-Quartzite-like C-foliated D-nonfoliated |
C-foliated
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Metamorphic rocks that lack mineral grains with long axes oriented in one direction are described as
A-marble-like B-quartzite-like C-foliated D-nonfoliated |
D-nonfoliated
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Porphyroblasts differ from the minerals surrounding them in terms of
A-size B- color C- axis of orientation D-shape |
A-size
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Hot fluids migrating into and out of a rock during metamorphism can change the rock's
A-chemistry B-energy C-grade D-fossil content |
A-chemistry
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How are igneous rocks formed?
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From the cooling and crystallization of molten materials
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What happens to igneous rocks that undergo weathering and erosion?
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They chemically and physically wear away, then those sediments are transported after they are removed
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How do sediments become sedimentary rock?
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Deposition, burial, lithification: compaction and cementation
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What forces cause sedimentary rocks to be transformed into igneous rock?
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pressure and high temperature, hydrothermal activity
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How can metamorphic rock be transformed into igneous rock?
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The rock melts, cools, then crystallizes
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How can sandstone be transformed into sediment without becoming metamorphic rock or igneous rock 1st?
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Uplift, weathering
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What are the 4 main agents of weathering and erosion?
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Wind, water, glaciers, gravity
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What occurs when rocks come in contact with molten materials?
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contact metamorphism
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Rock whose texture, mineralogy, or chemical composition has been altered without melting it....
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Metamorphic rock
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Metamorphism resulting from high temperature and pressure that affects a large area
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regional metamorphism
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large crystals of new metamorphic minerals
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porphyroblasts
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occurs when very hot water reacts with rock
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hydrothermal metamorphism
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Characterized by wavy layers and bands of light and dark minerals
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foliated metamorphic rock
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Composed mainly of minerals with blocky crystal shapes.
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nonfoliated metamorphic rock
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Breccias and conglomerates
are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical |
clastic
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Classified by particle size
are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical |
clastic
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coal is an example of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical
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biochemical
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Things formed from the remains of once-living things are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical?
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biochemical
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Things that are formed from the deposits of loose sediments are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical?
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clastic
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Often contains calcite, halite, or gypsum are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical
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chemical
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forms evaporites
are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical |
chemical
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sandstone is a medium-grained example of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical
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clastic
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Formed from precipitation and growth of mineral crystals
are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical |
chemical
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formed from the shells of sea organisms
are examples of this type of sedimentary rock, clastic, chemical, or biochemical? |
biochemical
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What do some of the features of sedimentary rocks indicate about ancient bodies of water?
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Where it was located, and the direction of the flow.
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What info can fossils provide?
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Evidence of past life, information about past climates.
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How does fossil-containing limestone form?
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Seashells collect at the bottom of the ocean floor, cement together over time by calcium carbonate in salt water.
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