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56 Cards in this Set
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certain wavelengths of light that are reflected by a mineral and is perceived by the observer. |
color |
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It is a naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered crystalline structure. |
minerals |
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color of the powdered form of a mineral. |
streak |
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the appearance of a mineral’s surface and is dependent on how it reflects light. |
luster |
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characteristic shape in which a mineral grows and is a projection of the mineral’s crystal structure. |
Crystal habit |
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tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces. |
cleavage |
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is the pattern in which the mineral breaks aside from its planes of cleavage. |
fracture |
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is the resistance of the minerals to scratching. |
hardness |
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is the ratio of a minerals’ weight to the weight of an equal volume of water. |
Specific gravity |
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refers the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature. |
solubility |
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refers to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid. |
melting point |
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Most of the minerals here are composed of only one element. Having knowledge about elements enables scientists to identify bonding possibilities and compounds that can be created. |
elements |
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Minerals under these group are composed of a metal joined by a sulfur. Metallic luster is the characteristic that distinguish them. |
sulfides |
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These are nonmetal groups which consists of chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine as their main chemical constituent. |
halides |
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These are mineral groups composed of one or more metals joined with oxygen, water, or hydroxyl (OH) |
OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES |
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It is formed when a metal is combined with carbon, nitrogen and boron. |
NITRATES, CARBONATES, BORATES |
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One or more metal is combined with a sulfate compound (SO4) |
sulfates |
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c______, m_____, or t____ substituted the place of the sulfate group. These minerals are usually brightly colored, brittle and dense. |
CHROMATES, MOLYBDATE, TUNGSTATES
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One or metal is chemically combined with the P_____, a_____, v_____ group. |
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES |
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This is the largest mineral group. Minerals under this group have different amounts of silicon and oxygen |
silicates |
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ANALYSIS OF THE COMPOSITION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MINERALS involves dissolving a mineral in an acid and analyzing the solution. |
wet chemical analysis |
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ANALYSIS OF THE COMPOSITION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MINERALS involve quantitative analysis of mineral components depending on the light absorbance of the compounds. |
Spectroscopic techniques |
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ROCK FORMING MINERALS has a chemical composition of SiO2. It is a glass-like hard substance with white streaks. |
Quartz |
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ROCK FORMING MINERALS has a chemical composition of XAlSi3O8, where X is potassium (K), calcium (Ca), or sodium (Na). |
Feldspar |
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ROCK FORMING MINERALS is soft, with hardness ranging from 2 to 2.5. It is easily identified by its perfect cleavage, reducing it to thin smooth flakes. |
mica |
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ROCK FORMING MINERALS have a general composition of XY(Al,Si)2O6 where X is calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) and Y is either magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), or aluminum (Al). |
Pyroxene minerals |
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ROCK FORMING MINERALS has a general formula of W0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 and has a dark color with a Mohs hardness ranging from 5 to 6. It is opaque and has a glassy luster. |
Amphibole |
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are formed from solidification of magma or lava which flows out from depth. |
IGNEOUS ROCK |
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Minerals such as q____, f____, p___, o____, a_____, and m____ are the components of almost all types of igneous rocks. |
quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, olivine, amphibole, mica |
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FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS ______ are formed deep underground, while _______ are formed near the surface. |
Big crystals, smaller crystals |
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An ________ rock forms when magma or volcanic fragments erupt and solidify on Earth’s surface which results to very fine-grained rock with very small crystals that could not be seen through naked eye. |
extrusive igneous |
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An ________ rock forms when magma crystallizes within the crust and is composed of medium to coarse grains. It is also known as a plutonic rock. |
intrusive igneous |
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Igneous rocks can be named using the binary system which is mainly based on its _____ and ______ of the rock. |
texture and composition |
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were formed from organic, mechanical or chemical sediments. |
sedimentary rocks |
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A process called ______ is where harden sediments become sedimentary rocks. |
lithification |
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FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS is a collective process where sediments are lithified (becomes rock). |
Diagenesis |
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Diagenesis has four main parts |
Compaction, Cementation, Recrystallization, Chemical |
C,C,R,C |
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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
are made up of sediments from preexisting rocks. |
Clastic sedimentary rocks |
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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS are lithified accumulation of dead organisms. |
Biological sedimentary rocks |
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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS form from chemical precipitation |
Chemical sedimentary rocks |
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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS can be biological, chemical, or a combination of both. |
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks |
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are rocks that have been altered, changed, or transformed in the solid state due to changes in pressure, temperature conditions, and chemical actions of hot fluids. |
Metamorphic rocks |
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FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
is like the chameleon changing its color to protect itself by blending into its environment. goal is to reestablish equilibrium with the new conditions. |
metamorphism |
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Changes in minerals during metamorphism can happen in three possible ways. |
Recrystallization, Neomorphism, Metasomatism |
R, N, M |
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metamorphism can happen in three possible ways. occurs when small crystals of one mineral will slowly convert to fewer, larger crystals of the same mineral without melting the rock. |
Recrystallization |
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metamorphism can happen in three possible ways. is the process whereby minerals not only recrystallize, but also form different minerals from the same chemical elements. |
Neomorphism |
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metamorphism can happen in three possible ways is the the addition or loss of elements new minerals form with only some of the original elements. |
Metasomatism |
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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK occurs only at a local area adjacent to large intrusions and along fractures that are in contact with hot fluids. |
Contact metamorphism |
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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK occurs when there are major igneous intrusions, presence of extreme pressure and heat due to deep burial. |
Regional metamorphism |
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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK are formed when parallel planes of platy or elongated minerals creating what is called as foliations. |
Foliated metamorphic rocks |
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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK do not have layered appearance. Examples are marble, quartzite, and anthracite |
Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks |
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The _______ shows that all rocks are related to each other. |
rock cycle |
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Igneous rocks can change into _______ or _______ rocks. |
sedimentary or metamorphic |
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Sedimentary rocks may also transform into _______ or _______ rocks. |
igneous or metamorphic |
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Metamorphic rocks can change into the ________ rock types. |
all the three |
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illustrates the relative stability or weathering rate of numerous minerals. This series is roughly the inverse order of original crystallization for minerals found in the Bowen’s reaction series. |
goldich stability series |
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