Dynamics Of Substance Abuse- Exam 1

Front 1

Models of Addiction:

Moral Perspective

Back 1

• Abuse as sin
  
• Abuse as crime
  
• Substance abuse is the result of inappropriate moral decision-making
• people become addicted because they make improper choices

Front 2

Models of Addiction:

Evidence of the "Moral Model" shows up in...

Back 2

Substance abuse policy, laws and punishment, religious teachings, and public opinion (Johnson, 2004).

Front 3

Models of Addiction:

How does AA use aspects of the "Moral Model"?

Back 3

members are encouraged to root out their "defects of character"

Front 4

Models of Addiction:

How does society show representation of the Moral Model?

Back 4

individuals are portrayed in stories, movies, TV shows as:

• The violent one
• The stupid one
• The funny one
• The pathetic one
• The sick one?? (generally not the message about addiction)

Front 5

Models of Addiction:

The Moral Model contributes to the __________ which creates barriers to help-seeking.

Back 5

Stigma

Front 6

Models of Addiction:

The Moral Model shows that if you are addicted it is _______ fault; you are weak willed and/or immoral... leads to _______ of help from others

Back 6

YOUR

AVOIDANCE

Front 7

Models of Addiction:

The Temperance Perspective:

Back 7

believed people to be weak and not able to abstain; character flaw

Prohibition: Women's Christian Temperance Union

Front 8

Models of Addiction:

The Temperance Movement blamed society's ills on __________________

Back 8

Alcoholic beverages

Front 9

Models of Addiction:

The Temperance Movement resulted in the establishment of ______________

Back 9

Prohibition

Front 10

Models of Addiction:

The Temperance Movement details

Back 10

Blamed many things on alcohol: joblessness, domestic violence, etc.

People were week and could not resist; had to be PERSUADED to abstain.

Front 11

Models of Addiction:

Temperance Movement downfall

Back 11

It was too difficult to control alcohol usage, and the movement lost its popularity

Front 12

Models of Addiction:

Sociocultural Models- Stanton Peele

Back 12

Stanton Peele suggests that addiction is impacted by CULTURAL norms regarding drinking and drug use.

• few alcoholics among Chinese and Jews
• if society approves of drinking but DISAPPROVES of excessive drinking, then fewer alcoholics

Front 13

Models of Addiction:

Sociocultural Models-- families

Back 13

patterns of family members' use is highly correlated with addiction

• 30% of children with parental alcoholism developed addiction (compared to 5% of moderate use parents and 10% of abstaining parents)
• Support both genetic and environmental explanations

Front 14

Models of Addiction:

Sociocultural Models--

In the Sociocultural model, family patterns _______ children to alcoholism

Back 14

PREDISPOSE

Front 15

Models of Addiction:

Sociocultural Models--

Disengaged, _________ families who are conflict-oriented and repress the expression of feelings and rigid, moralistic families were more likely to produce alcoholic offspring

Back 15

RIGID

Front 16

Generally, most professionals, particularly outside of the addiction field, hold the view that the problematic use of AOD is secondary to some ________ problem or condition.

Back 16

PSYCHOLOGICAL

Front 17

John Bradshaw believes that compulsive behavior such as alcoholism or addiction, is a reflection of an individual's effort to escape ______ from the family of origin (Bradshaw, 1988).

Back 17

SHAME

33-62% (Coleman) of female alcoholics had suffered neglect or sexual abuse in their families of origin; recently even 75-85% sexual abuse history

Front 18

Is there an addiction personality?

Back 18

the effort to ID the "addictive personality" has largely been unsuccessful.

Miller, "alcoholics appear to be as variable in personality as are non-alcoholics (p.41).

Front 19

Counselors accept a "__________ loading" or a "biological predisposition"

Back 19

GENETIC

“From asocial-learning perspective, addictive behaviors represent a category of ‘badhabits’ including such behaviors as problem drinking, smoking, substance abuse,overeating, compulsive gambling, and so forth.” (Marlatt, text, p. 41).

Front 20

Models of Addiction:

Social Learning Approach

who developed it?

Back 20

Albert Bandura

Front 21

Models of Addiction:

Social Learning Approach

Bandura

Back 21

• applied to many social issues and problems
• individual learning takes place in the social environment

1. directly
2. indirectly

Front 22

Models of Addiction:

Social Learning Approach

Four general principles

Back 22

• differential reinforcement: each person responds differently to environment
• vicarious learning (modeling)
• Cognitive processes (mediators)
• Reciprocal determinism (person-environment-behavior are interlocking)

Front 23

Models of Addiction:

Cognitive Behavioral Model is based on..

Back 23

how people think and act

Front 24

Models of Addiction:

Cognitive Behavioral Model

substance abuse is a "bad _______"

Back 24

HABIT

• people learn destructive patterns of use
• if one can learn it, one can "unlearn" it using behavioral techniques

Front 25

Models of Addiction:

Cognitive Behavioral Model

People who are addicted have a core set of _____ (cognitive distortions) which are

Back 25

BELIEFS

• i am helpless
• only drugs can make me feel better

Front 26

Models of Addiction:

Cognitive Behavioral Model

Does not require an individual be labeled as "_______" or "________"

Back 26

ADDICT or ALCHOLIC

aspects have been incorporated into many treatment models

Front 27

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

Back 27

Most prominentin the United States.

Diseasemodel is a theory, not a treatment model

Front 28

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

Classification as a _______________________ beganin early 19th century.

Back 28

DISEASE

Jellinek in the1950’s expanded the idea and began to conduct research to prove that it was adisease.

Front 29

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

A disease should have specific and _______________________symptoms, a course, a prognosis, and an outcome.

Back 29

IDENTIFIABLE

Front 30

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

Jellinek's work focused on 4 phases:

Back 30

1. Prealcoholic
2. Prodromal
3. Crucial
4. Chronic-Losing peer group

Front 31

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

Jellinek took itfurther in the 1960’s by identifying various patterns of addictive drinking (5 of them):

Back 31

Alpha, Beta, Delta, Epsilon, Gamma

• GAMMA drinkers show symptoms such as physicalwithdrawal, craving, and medical problems from addiction to alcohol.
• While Alphadrinkers could remain stable for years, inevitably, they would become Gammadrinkers.

Front 32

American MedicalAssociation classified Alcoholism as a disease in __________.

Back 32

1956

Front 33

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

Addiction is a _______, __________, and ________ disease

Back 33

biological, psychological, and spiritual

• Often comparedto diabetes
  
• Once the person gets the DISEASE,while they can go into remission (recovery), they can never be cured.
  

Front 34

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

Hallmarks of the "disease":

Back 34

• Loss of control
• moral and spiritual bankruptcy
• denial of addiction as a problem

Front 35

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

If you get the disease will you ever be able to safely drink or use substances?

What is the best source of professional help?

Back 35

NO

OTHER RECOVERING PEOPLE

Front 36

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

Evidence of Support

Back 36

Addiction can be compared to other diseases.

Comparisons:

• Geneticheritability in identical vs. fraternal twins
• Response totreatment: If leftuntreated, the condition ___PROGRESSES__
• Remission isunusual
• McLellan et al.(2000) found that the percentages of clients who comply with treatment and the __RELAPSE__rates of addiction and other chronic illnesses are the same.
  

Front 37

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

Advantages of Disease Concept

Back 37

• The disease concept removes the __STIGMA______of chemical dependency
  
• We do not punishpeople with a disease, we treat them.
  
• Definingaddiction as a disease increases likelihood of treatment coverage by insurancecompanies.
  
• Using medical _TERMINOLOGY__has helped create interest in scientific research
• Disease conceptremoves stigma and associated embarrassment, blame and guilt. (You would not feel guilty if you haddiabetes).
  

Front 38

Models of Addiction:

The American Disease Perspective

Disadvantages of Disease Concept

Back 38

• Orthodoxprecepts of the disease concept may not be accurate
• There is not aninevitable and completely predictable progression of symptoms and stages, nor a_CONSISTENT_ loss of control.
• Individuals whodon’t fit the model may not seek treatment
• “Ifalcoholics come to view their drinking as the result of a disease orphysiological addiction, they may be more likely to assume the passive role ofvictim whenever they engage in drinking behavior if they see it as a symptom oftheir disease…” (Marlatt & Gordon,text, p. 49.
• The diseaseconcept removes responsibility for his or her behavior.
• Relapse may alsobe _BLAMED_ on the disease.

Front 39

Models of Addiction:

Neurobiological Basis of Addiction

Back 39

• NIDA has conducted research into the __NEUROSCIENCE__ of addiction
• “Researchershave already identified some of the changes involved in two of the keyphenomena associated with addiction: drug tolerance and drug craving…we now know that drugs significantlyincrease the availability of dopamine, (continued) a _NEUROTRANSMITTER_ thatactivates the brain’s pleasure circuits. When cells are exposed to repeated surges of dopamine due to chronicdrug abuse, they may eventually become less responsive to dopaminesignals…. As for drug craving…researchers have shown that it is related to widespread alterations in brainactivity, especially to changes in the nucleus accumbens area of theforebrain.” (text, p. 45)
  

Front 40

Models of Addiction:

Biomedical Perspective

Examples:

Back 40

• Heredity
• Brain
• Biochemistry

Front 41

Models of Addiction:

Biomedical Perspective

Back 41

• Researchers havesought a genetic link to addiction.
• While geneticpredisposition has not been proven, it seems likely.
• There is a greatdeal of controversy about this.
• Twin studiesshow likelihood.
  

Front 42

Models of Addiction:

The COMMUNITY Model

Back 42

• Addictionis a “_MACRO__” issue
• Racism,sexism, homophobia, classism, and ableism create hostile environments forindividuals (Brueggemann, 2001).
• Specialgroups have very high rates of addiction.
• Addictioncan be considered community-based.
• Marketingto special groups.
• Cigaretteand alcohol ads are more common in poorer neighborhoods
  

Front 43

Models of Addiction:

The Community Model

Advantages

Back 43

• Community modelsof addiction help us to examine the individuals from an __ECOLOGICAL___perspective.
• Understandingcommunity models of addiction help to focus on a _____STRENGTHS_____ perspective.