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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the prototypes for drug category Antiinfectives?
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penicillin G
amoxicillin dicloxacillin |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Cephalosporins?
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cefazolin
cefaclor |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antibacterial Macrolides?
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azithromycin
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antibacterial Tetracyclines?
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doxycylcline
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antibacterial Aminoglycosides?
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gentamicin sulfate
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antibacterials Quinolone, fluoroquinolone?
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levofloxacin
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antibacterials Sulfonamides?
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co-trimoxazole/TMP-SMZ
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antituberculars?
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isoniazid
rifampin dapsone |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antifungals?
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fluconazole
amphotericin B |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antivirals?
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acyclovir sodium
oseltamivar |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antimalarials?
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chloroquine HCl
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What are the prototypes for drug category Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
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zidovudine
efavirenz azidothymidine (AZT) |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Protease inhibitors?
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lopinavir
ritonavir |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Vaccines?
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varicella
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What are the prototypes for drug category Uterine Tract antiseptics?
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nitrofurantoin
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What are the prototypes for drug category Alkylating drugs?
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cyclophosphamide
cytoxan interferon alpha 2a |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antimetabolites?
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fluorouracil
5-fluorouracil 5-fu (adrucil) |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antitumor antibiotics?
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doxorubicin
adriamycin |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Mitotic inhibitor/plant alkaloid?
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vincristine
oncovin |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Topoisomerase II inhibitor?
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etoposide
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What are the prototypes for drug category Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)?
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gefitinib
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What are the prototypes for drug category Proteasome inhibitor?
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bortezomib
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What are the prototypes for drug category Angiogenesis inhibitors (Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody)?
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bevacizumab
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What are the prototypes for drug category Biological Response Modifier?
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rituximab (Monoclonal antibody)
epoetin alpha (erythropoietin) |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)?
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filgrastim
sargramostim |
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antiinfectives?
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vancomycin
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What are the prototypes for drug category Antihistamines?
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diphenhydramine
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Penicillin G
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penicillin G (Pfizerpen)
Classification: anti-infectives Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: B Contraindications: previous hypersensitivity to penicillins (cross-sensitivity may exist with cephalosporins and other beta-lactams); some products may contain tartrazine and should be avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity. Specific pharmacokinetics:variably absorbed from GI tract Therapeutic effects:bactericidal action against susceptible bacteria (bind to bacterial cell wall, resulting in cell death) Side effects/Adverse reactions:CNS-seizures; rashes; anaphylaxis, serum sickenss and superinfection Nursing implications: observe pt for S&S of anaphylaxis. Do not confuse penicillin with penicillinamine. Do not confuse penicillin G aqueous with penicillin G procaine. |
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amoxicillin
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amoxicillin (Amoxil, Apo-Amoxi, DisperMox, Novamoxin, Nu-Amoxi, Trimox, Wymox)
Toxic dose:?? Pregnancy Category: B Contraindications: hypersensitivity to penicillins; tablets for oral suspension (Disper-Mox) contain aspartame; avoid in pts with phenylketonuria. Specific pharmacokinetics:well absorbed from duodenum, more resistant to acid inactivation that other penicillins; 70% excreted in urine Therapeutic effects:bactericidal action; spectrum is broader than penicillins (binds to bacterial cell wall, causing cell death) Side effects/Adverse:CNS-seizures; GI-psuedomembranous colitis; anaphylaxis, serum sickness |
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rifampin
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Toxic dose: ??
Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Specific pharmacokinetics: Side effects/Adverse reactions: |
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dicloxacillin
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dicloxacillin (Dynapen, Dycill, Pathocil)
Classification: anti-infective-penicillinase-resistant penicillin Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: B Contraindications:allergic to penicillin; use caution with those hypersensitive to cephalosporins Specific pharmacokinetics: absorbed 35-76% in GI tract; 95% protein bound, excreted in bile and urine Therapeutic effects: bactericidal effect; to treat Staph aureus infection (inhibition of the enzyme in cell wall synthesis) Side effects/Adverse reactions: NVD, rash, abd pain, flatulence |
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cefazolin
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cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol)
Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: B Contraindications:hypersensitivity to cephalosporins; use caution with hypersensitivity to penicillins; renal disease, lactation Specific pharmacokinetics: IM/IV absorption with rapid/immediate onset; 75-85% protein bound; 70% excreted unchanged in urine Therapeutic effects:bactericidal effect (inhibition of cell wall synthesis, causing cell death) to treat respiratory, urinary and skin infections, to treat bone and joint infection, genital infections and endocarditis Side effects/Adverse reactions:anorexia, NVD, rash, abdominal cramps, fever |
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cefaclor
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cefaclor (Ceclor)
Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: B Contraindications: hypersensitivity to cephalosporins; use caution with hypersensitivity to penicillins; renal disease, lactation Specific pharmacokinetics: PO well absorbed Rapid onset; 25% protein bound; 60-80% excreted unchanged in urine Therapeutic effects:bactericidal effect (inhibition of cell wall synthesis, causing cell death) to treat respiratory, urinary and skin infections, to treat ear infection, ampicilllin-resistant strains, and certain gram-negative organisms; E. coli, Proteus, H. influenzae, and gram-positive strains; Strep pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and S. aureus Side effects/Adverse reactions:anorexia, NVD, rash, pruritus, HA, vertigo, weakness |
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azithromycin
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azithromycin (Zithromax, AzaSite)
Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: B Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; Use caution with hepatic dysfunction, lactation, renal dysfunction Specific pharmacokinetics: 37% PO absorption, 51% protein bound, excretion in bile and small amount in urine Therapeutic effects: bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal effect; inhibition of the steps of protein synthesis; to treat gram-positive and some gram-negative organisms; for clients who are allergic to penicillin; to treat respiratory infections, gonorrhea, and skin infections. AzaSite is given for bacterial conjuctivitis Side effects/Adverse reactions: anorexia, NVD, tinnitus, abdominal cramps, pruritis, rash AR-superinfections, vaginitis, urticaria, stomatitis, hearing loss, hepatotoxicity, anaphylaxis |
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doxycycline
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doxycycline (Adoxa, Doryx, Doxy, Doxycin, Vibramycin, Vibra-Tabs, Oracea)
Classification: Tetracycline Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: D Contraindications:Hypersensitivity, pregnancy, severe hepatic or renal disease Use caution with history of allergies, renal and hepatic dysfunction, alcoholism, hypokalemia, antidysrhythmics, significan bradycardia Specific pharmacokinetics:Absorbed 100% PO, rapid onset through IV, 25-93% protein bound, excreted unchanged in the urine Therapeutic effects: Bacteriostatic or bactericidal; inhibition of the steps of protein synthesis; to treat infections caused by uncommon gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, respiratory and skin infections or disorders, chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, syphilis, rickettsial infection and inflammatory papules and pustules associated with rosacea in adults Side effects/Adverse reactions:NVD, rash, flatulence, abd discomfort, HA, photosensitivity, pruritus, epigastric distress, heartburn AR-superinfections (candidiasis) life-threatening-blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, intracranial hypertension, psueomembranous colitis, CNS toxicity |
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gentamicin sulfate
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gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin)
Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: C Contraindications: hypersensitivity, severe renal disease, pregnancy, and breastfeeding Use caution with renal disease, neuromuscular disorders (myastenia gravis, parkinsonism), heart failure, elderly, neonates Specific pharmacokinetics: Absorption IM/IV, rapid onset through IM/IV, unknown protein binding, excreted unchanged in urine Therapeutic effects: bactericidal effect; inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis; to treat serious infections caused by gram-negative organisms (e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus); to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections Side effects/Adverse reactions: anorexia, NV, rash, numbness, visual disturbances, tremors, tinnitus, pruritus, muscle cramps or weakness, photosensitivity AR-oliguria, urticaria, palpitation, superinfection life-threatening- ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, agraulocytosis, neuromuscular blockage, liver damage |
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levofloxacin
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levofloxacin (Levaquin)
Classification: Antibacterials: Quinolone, fluoroquinolone Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: C (X at term, breastfeeding) Contraindications: severe renal disease, hypersensitivity to other quinolones, pregnancy, and breastfeeding Use caution with seizure disorders, renal disorders, children <14 yr, elderly, clients receiving theophylline Specific pharmacokinetics: 95-98% PO absorbed, 24-30% protein bound, 87% excreted unchanged in urine Therapeutic effects:bactericidal effect; interference with the enzyme DNA gyrase, which is needed for bacterial DNA synthesis; to treat lower respiratory tract, renal, bone, and joint infections Side effects/Adverse reactions: NVD, abdominal cramps, flatulence, headache, dizziness, fatigue, restlessness, insomnia, rash, flushing, tinnitus, photosensitivity AR-Stevens-Johnson syndrome, encephalopathy, seizures, pseudomembranous colitis, dysrhythmias |
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co-trimoxazole/TMP-SMZ
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co-trimoxazole/TMP-SMZ (Bactrim, Septra)
Classification: Antibacterial: Sulfonamide Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: C Contraindications:Severe renal or hepatic disease, hypersensitivity to sulfonamides Specific pharmacokinetics: absorbed well PO, 50-65% protein bound; crosses placenta; excreted in urine as metabolites; onset through IV is immediate Therapeutic effects:bactericidal effect; inhibition of protein synthesis of nucleic acids; to treat urinary tract infection, otitis media, bronchitis, PNA, pneumocystis carinii infectino, rheumatic fever, burns Side effects/Adverse reactions:anorexia, NVD, rash, stomatitis, fatigue, depression, HA, vertigo, photosensitivity AR-life-threatening- leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, increased bone marrow depression, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, renal failure |
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isoniazid
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isoniazid (INH, Nydrazid, Laniazid, Isotamine, PMS-Isoniazid)
Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: C Contraindications: severe renal or hepatic disease, alcoholism, diabetic retinopathy Specific pharmacokinetics: PO well absorbed, 10% protein bound, 50% excreted unchanged in the urine Therapeutic effects: inhibition of bacterial cell-wall synthesis; to treat tuberculosis; prophylactic measure against tuberculosis Side effects/Adverse reactions:drowsiness, tremors, rash, blurred vision, photosensitivity, tinnitus, dizziness, NV, dry mouth, constipation AR-psychotic behavior, peripheral neuropathy, vitamin B6 deficiency life-threatening-blood dyscrasias, thrombocytopenia, seizures, agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity |
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fluconazole
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fluconazole (Diflucan)
Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: C Contraindications: pregnancy Drug-Drug Interactions: Increases PT when taking warfarin; increases hypoglycemia when taken with oral sulfonylureas; increases phenytoin, cyclosporine, and haloperidol levels; decreases fluconazole level with cimetidine and rifampin Specific pharmacokinetics: PO absorbed well in GI tract, 12% protein bound, excretes through the urine Therapeutic effects:increases permeability of the fungal cell membrane; infections and cryptococcal meningitis Side effects/Adverse reactions:PO-anorexia, NVD (large doses), stomach cramps, rash, HA Vaginal-rash, burning sensation AR-no known |
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dapsone
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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amphotericin B
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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acyclovir sodium
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acyclovir (Zovirax)
Classification: Antiviral Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: C Contraindications: hypersensitivity, severe renal or hepatic disease Use caution with electrolyte imbalance, nursing mothers, young children Drug-Drug Interactions: Increases nephro-neurotoxicity with aminoglycosides, probenecid, interferon Drug-Lab Interactions: may increase AST, ALT, BUN Specific pharmacokinetics: PO slowly absorbed, 10-30% protein bound, 95% excreted unchanged in urine Therapeutic effects:interference with viral synthesis of DNA; to treat HSV-1, HSV-2 (genital) Side effects/Adverse reactions: NVD, HA, tremors, lethargy, rash, pruritus, increased bleeding time, phlebitis at IV site AR-urticaria, anemia, gingival hyperplasia Life-threatening-neuropathy, seizures, nephrotoxicity (large doses), bone marrow depression, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia |
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oseltamivar
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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chloroquine HCl
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chloroquine HCl (Aralen HCl)
Classification: Antimalarial Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: C Contraindications: hypersensitivity to 4-aminoquinolones; renal disease, psoriasis, retinal changes Use caution with alcoholism, liver dysfunction; G-6-PD deficiency; GI, neurologic, and hematologic disorders Drug-Drug Interactions: Increase effects of digoxin, anticoagulants, neuromuscular blocker, decrease absorption with antacids and laxatives Drug-Lab Interactions: Decrease RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit Specific pharmacokinetics:well absorbed from GI tract; 50-65% protein bound, excreted slowly in urine Therapeutic effects: increased pH in the malaria parasite inhibits parasitic growth; to treat acute malaria, prophylaxis for malaria Side effects/Adverse reactions: anorexia, NVD, abd cramps, fatigue, pruritus, nervousness, visual disturbances (blurred vision) AR-ECG changes, hypotension, psychosis Life threatening-agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, ototoxicity, cardiovascular collapse |
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zidovudine
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zidovudine (ZDV, AZT, Retrovir)
Classification: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: C Contraindications: life-threatening allergies to zidovudine or components of preparation Use caution with bone marrow compromise, renal and hepatic dysfunction, decreased hepatic blood flow Drug-Drug Interaction: Ganciclovir and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may incrase risk of neutropenia; probenecid may increase concentration, risk of toxicity Specific pharmacokinetics: 66-70% PO absorbed; 25-38% protein bound; crosses blood-brain barrier, crosses placenta, peak serum levels 30-90 minutes; Extensive first-pass effect in liver; 63-95% excreted in urine Therapeutic effects:inhibits viral enzyme reverse transcriptase, an enzyme necessary for viral HIV replication Side effects/Adverse reactions:numbness, tingling, burning and pain in lower extremities, abdominal pain, rash, GI intolerance, fever, sore throat, HA, pruritus, muscle pain, difficulty swallowing, arthralagia, insomnia, confusion, mental changes, bluish brown bands on fingernails AR-NV, anemia (plae skin, unusual fatigue or weakness), neutropenia (fever, chills, sore throat), seizures |
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efavirenz
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efavirenz (Sustiva)
Classification: nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: C Contraindications: Life-threatening allergies to efavirenz or components of preparation; concurrent use of midazolam, triazolam, ergot alkaloids Use caution with history of mental illness/drug abuse; liver impairment Drug-Drug Interactions: See contraindications; carbamazepine, nevirapine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin, St John's wort may decrease effect; may decrease effect of lopinavir/ritonavir, saquinavir, amprenavir, clarithromycin, methadone, sertraline Specific pharmacokinetics: PO increased following high fat meal; >99% protein binding, widely distributed (found in CSF); metabolized in the liver; excreted primarily in the feces as unchanged drug (16-41%), 14-34% excreted in the urine primarily as a metabolite Therapeutic effects: binds to reverse transcriptase, blocking RNA dependent and DNA dependent DNA polymerase activity including HIV-1 replication Side effects/Adverse reactions:CNS effects (dizziness, insomnia, abnormal dreams/thinking, impaired concentration, amnesia, agitation, hallucinations, euphoria, anxiety), ND AR-aggressive reaction, allergic reaction, convulsion, liver failure, neuropathy, suicide, abnormal vision Nursing implications: |
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azidothymidine (AZT)
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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lopinavir
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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ritonavir
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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varicella
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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nitrofurantoin
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nitrofurantoin (Furalan, Furadantin, Macrodantin, Apo-Nitrofurantoin, Novofuran)
Classification: Urinary antiinfective Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: B Contraindications: hypersensitivity, moderate to severe renal impairment, oliguria, anuria, CLcr<40 ml/min, infancts < 1mo, term pregnancy, lactation with infant suspected of having G-6-PD deficiency Use caution with vitamin B deficiency, electrolyte imbalance, diabetes mellitus Drug-Drug Interactions: Decrease effect with probenecid; decreased absorption with antacids Specific pharmacokinetics: well absorbed from GI tract-enhanced with food; 60% protein bound; crosses placenta, excreted in breast milk; excreted in urine, small amounts in bile Therapeutic effects:inhibits bacterial enzymes and metabolism; to treat acute and chronic UTIs Side effects/Adverse reactions:anorexia, NVD, rust-brown discoloration of urine, rash, pruritus, dizziness, HA, drowsiness AR-superinfection, peripheral neuropathy, hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis Life-threatening-anaphylaxis, hepatotoxicity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome |
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fluorouracil, 5-fluorouracil, 5-fu (adrucil)
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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doxorubicin (adriamycin)
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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vincristine (oncovin)
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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etoposide
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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gefitinib
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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bortezomib
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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bevacizumab
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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rituximab
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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epoetin alfa (erythropoietin)
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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filgrastim
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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sargramostim
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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vancomycin
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |
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diphenydramine
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general (Brand)
Classification: Toxic dose: ?? Pregnancy Category: Contraindications: Drug-Lab-Food Interactions: Specific pharmacokinetics: Therapeutic effects: Side effects/Adverse reactions: Nursing implications: |