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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the body's MAJOR DIGESTIVE organ
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Small Intestine
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Name the 3 sections of the SMALL Intestine
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- Duodenum
- Jejunum - Ileum |
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What breaks fat up?
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Bile
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What are GALLSTONES made up of?
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Cholestrol
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Explain how we can INCREASE the surface area of the Small Intestine
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by modification of absorption
- circular folds (spiral chyme, slowing its movements for max absorption) - villi (finger like projections, increase surface area for absorption & contain a lacteal) - microvilli (brush border, brush border enzymes) |
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How do we move food through the SMALL INTESTINE?
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Segmentation - back & forth
organs alternately contract & relax, moving food forward then backward. Food mixing & slow food propulsion occurs. |
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What is the function of the GALLBLADDER?
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store & concentrates bile
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Which accessory organ produces BILE?
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Liver
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What is the function of BILE?
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acts as an emulsifier - dissipates fat into little droplets, makes it easier for lipase's to break down fat
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How much BILE does the Liver produce per day?
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about 900ml
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When is bile needed?
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when we eat fat
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What is the FUNCTION of the LARGE intestine?
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- absorb most of the remaining water from indigestible food residues
- store residues temporarily - eliminates faeces |
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What is the FUNCTION of the PANCREAS?
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- produces bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid
- produces enzymes that breakdown all categories of food |
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How much Pancreatic juice is produced daily?
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about 1200 - 1500 mls of clear pancreatic juice daily
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Where does PERISTALSIS occur?
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Large Intestine
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Name the VALVE's of the SMALL Intestine
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- Pyloric sphincter
- ileocecal valve |
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What is the LARGEST gland in the body?
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Liver
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What is the LIVER's MAIN function?
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to filter & process the nutrient-rich blood delivered to it
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What do the CIRCULAR FOLDS do in the small intestine?
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make the CHYME spiral, slowing its movement; the circular folds allow the food to spiral down & stay on the outside walls. WE CAN ONLY ABSORB WHAT IS ON THE INTESTINAL WALLS
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What does the VILLI do in the small intestine?
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increase the surface area for absorption; each villi contains a "lacteal" which transports fats; to further increase the surface area the villi are covered in microvilli.
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What does the MICROVILLI do in the small intestine?
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contains enzymes which complete the absorption of cabs & proteins; they have brush borders.
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What allows the surface area of the small intestine to be a lot larger?
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the circular folds & villi
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What secretes INTESTINAL JUICE?
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Intestinal crypts or Crypts of Lieberkuhn.
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How much Intestinal Juice is secreted per day?
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about 1-2 litres a day
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What does the body use intestinal juice for?
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intestinal juice, a watery mixture containing mucus, serves as a carrier fluid for absorbing nutrients from chyme.
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What is the pH of intestinal juice?
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7.4 - 7.8 (tries to be as close to blood pH as possible).
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Briefly describe the digestion of PROTEIN in the small intestine
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pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase) break it down further into SMALL POLYPEPTIDES & PEPTIDES; enzymes in the brush border (aminopeptidse) break it down into amino acids.
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Briefly describe the digestion of CARBOHYDRATE's in the small intestine
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pancreatic amylase (in pancreatic juice) breaks it down to oligosaccharides and disaccharides; brush border enzymes (lactase, maltase) break them down into LACTOSE, MALTOSE, etc
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Explain how lipids are digested
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- Fat is NOT water soluble; Bile - which acts like dishwashing liquid, separates the fat globules into very small globules so that it can be broken down;
- at the small intestine bile is squirted into the DUODENUM; - the detergent action of bile salts emulsifies the fat |
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Name PROTEIN's
- Buildings blocks |
20 amino acids
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Name PROTEIN's
- Food source |
-Chicken
- Fish - Eggs, etc |
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Name PROTEIN's
- Chemical Digestion |
- Pepsin
- Proteases fm Pancreas - Brush border enzymes |
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Name CARBOHYDRATE's
- Buildings blocks |
- Monosaccharaides
- Fructose - Glucose |
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Name CARBOHYDRATE's
- Food source |
- Bread
- Rice - Fruit - Potatoes |
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Name CARBOHYDRATE's
- Chemical Digestion |
- Begins in mouth with AMYLASE
- Small intestine; amylase - Maltase - Sucrose - Lactase |
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Name FAT's
- Building Blocks |
- Trigycerides
- Glycerol - Amino acids |
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Name FAT's
- Food source |
- Animal fat
- avocado |
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Name FAT's
- Chemical Digestion |
- Bile
- Lipase - Micelles |
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What does MICELLES do to fat?
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they wrap the fat droplets; they are phospholipids (polar heads; 1 end likes water, the other likes fat); this makes the droplet water soluble so they can be ferried down by the micelles; they come through to the lymph, where lacteals transport them into the blood stream.
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How does AMYLASE arrive into the stomach?
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from the mouth
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ENZYMES; Proteins = what?
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Protease
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ENZYMES; Carbohydrates = what?
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Amylase, Lipids = Lipase
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Name the ACCESSORY organs of DIGESTION
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- Pancreas
- Liver - Gallbladder |
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What gives fetal matter the brown color?
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Bile pigments
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What color is BILE?
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Yellow-green, alkaline solution
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What does bile CONTAIN?
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- bile salts
- bile pigments - cholesterol - triglycerides - phospholipids - variety of electrolytes |
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What are the ONLY 2 components that aid in the DIGESTIVE process
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- bile salts
- phospholipids |
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At what "point" are the accessory organs linked into digestion?
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the liver, gallbladder, pancreas link into the digestion at the DUODENUM; the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla and the Hepatopancreatic Sphincter
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Name the Pancreas SECRETIONS
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Pancreatic Juice; bicarbonate & enzymes (protease)
- pancreatic juice neutralises stomach acid & produces enzymes that break down all 3 food groups (amino acids / triglycerides / monosaccharaides) |
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What is the FUNCTION of the Pancreas?
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soft tadpole-shaped gland
endocrine (hormones straight into blood stream) & exocrine function (produces enzymes that break down all categories of food; |
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What is the LIVER's ONLY function in digestion?
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produce bile
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Explain how HORMONES regulate the secretions of the liver & pancreas
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- HORMONES, CCK (Cholecystokinin) and Secretin stimulate the release of digestive juices.
- CCK travels in the blood steam to the liver / gallbladder and causes the gallbladder to contract and squirt bile into the duodenum; - CCK induces secretion of pancreatic juice - Secretin encourages pancreas to release bicarbonate |
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Where does the LARGE intestine extend from?
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Ileocecal valve (end of small intestine) to the anus.
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What is the Teniae Coli?
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a band, like a run of stitching that gathers the large intestine
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What is Haustrum?
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each segment or bulge of the large intestine is called a Haustrum
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Name the 3 sections of the LARGE intestine
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- descending colon
- ascending colon - transverse colon |
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Describe the role of BACTERIAL FLORA in the large intestine
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- 10 million types of bacteria flora
- the bacteria flora colonise the colon - contains the MOST DNA in the whole body - ferment indigestible carbohydrates; cellulose - release gases; 500ml of farts a day - synthesize B complex vitamins - synthesize K vitamin |
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Explain MOTILITY in the large intestine
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haustral contractions; slow segmenting movements, last about 1 minute and occur approximately every 30 minutes;
- mass movements - long slow-moving powerful contractile waves; 3-4 times daily (peristalsis) |
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Explain the defecation reflex
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- distension (stretch) of the rectal walls due to movement of faeces into the rectum stimulates stretch receptors, these transmit signals along afferent fibers stimulate the rectal walls & relaxation of the internal sphincter;
- if it is convenient to pass feaces, voluntary motor neurons are inhibited, allowing the external anal sphincter to relax so that faeces may pass. |
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What is the Valcelvar maneuver?
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a forceful push down (make a poo)
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What does the Valcelvar manouver show?
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spinal damage can affect this reflex
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What does the pancreas do?
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sends variety of enzymes in bicarbonate rich fluid into the small intestine.
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What is the RUGAE?
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folds of the stomach mucosa
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What do the SALIVARY GLANDS do?
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produce a secretary product that contains AMYLASE, which acts on starch and begins the chemical breakdown of food
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What does the PHARYNX do?
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a passageway for food, fluid and air
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What is the OESOPHAGUS?
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a collapsed, muscular tube involved in peristalsis
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What do the CHEIF CELLS do?
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secrete PEPSINOGEN
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What is the STOMACH?
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organ in which protein digestion begins
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What does the DUODENUM do?
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receives pancreatic juice and bile
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What is CHYME?
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name given to food when it becomes a soupy liquid
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What does the COLON do?
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primarily involved in water absorption & faeces formation
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What does the LIVER do?
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produces and secretes BILE
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What does the GALLBLADDER do?
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storage area for BILE
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What is SEGMENTATION?
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mixing & movement of chyme in the small intestine
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What is VILLI?
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finger like projections of the small intestine wall
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What does the PYLORIC SPHINCTER do?
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sphincter controlling the movement of food from the stomach into the duodenum
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What is the CEPHALIC phase?
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this phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the aroma, taste and sight of food
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What does the MOUTH do?
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responsible for ingestion, mastication & swallowing
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What is the INTESTINAL phase?
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this phase of gastric secretion begins when the food enters the duodenum.
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What does the TONGUE do?
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mixes food in the mouth and forces the food to back of the mouth for swallowing
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What are the TEETH and what are they used for?
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hard structures used in mastication.
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