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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Theories are vital tools for developmental researchers because they
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provide organizing frameworks for our observations of people
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The field of developmental science is considered to be __________ because investigators often are interested in the practical implications of their research.
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applied
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At birth, the brain is
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nearer to its adults size than any other physical structure.
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Swaddling newborns
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reduces crying.
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When baby Brad gazes at his mother, she smiles at him, and then Brad gazes and smiles, too. This contingent responsiveness is an example of
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operant conditioning
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Infants and toddlers grow
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in little spurts.
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The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is called
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lateralization
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The _______ reflex permits feeding.
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sucking
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Of all motor skills, ________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development.
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voluntary reaching
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Which of the following is true about infantile amnesia?
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Most older children and adults cannot retrieve events that happened before age 3.
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Preterm infants
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are those born several weeks or more before their due date.
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Baby Luigi retrieves his pacifier, which his mother has hidden behind a pillow. Baby Luigi has begun to master
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object permanence.
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Which of the following is true about make-believe play?
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Make-believe is a major means through which children extend their cognitive skills and learn about important activities in their culture
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Human adults have especially elaborate ___________, which enable them to observe another's behavior while simulating the behavior in their own brains.
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mirror neurons
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Some researchers claim that infants respond in kind to others' emotions through a fairly automatic process of
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emotional contagion.
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Piaget believed that infants and toddlers
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think" with their eyes, ears, and hands.
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Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of ____________ in development.
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nurture
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With the transition to toddlerhood, attraction to __________ declines and __________ improves.
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novelty; sustained attention
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Information-processing researchers focus on
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many aspects of thinking, from attention, memory, and categorization skills to complex problem solving.
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Core knowledge theorists assume that
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nfants start out life with a set of prewired understandings
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Younger students who divide information, values, and authority into right and wrong or good and bad engage in
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dualistic thinking.
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Fifth and sixth graders describe _________ as the most influential people in their lives.
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parents
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According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is
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industry versus inferiority.
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To test for ________, Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest.
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seriation
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School-age children use frequent _________ in their self-descriptions
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social comparisons
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When classmates are asked to rate each other's likeability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned
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popular; neglected
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The most common psychological problem of adolescence is
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depression.
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Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?
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pubic hair
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Threats to __________ health accelerate puberty, whereas threats to ___________ health delay it.
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emotional; physical
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According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, _____________ is/are entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences
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the social environment
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Many homosexual adolescents and adults move through a three-phase sequence in coming out to themselves and others. Those three phases are
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feeling different, confusion, and self-acceptance.
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Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development,
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most people never move beyond Stage 4.
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Regular physical activity is linked to
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reduced incidence of cancer
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Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development
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no longer require concrete things and events as objects of thought.
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Which substance do American adolescents experiment with most during high school?
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alcohol
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Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who
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match their own level of biological maturity
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On average, girls reach puberty
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2 years earlier than boys.
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In making decisions, adolescents, more often than adults,
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fall back on well-learned intuitive judgments.
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Biological aging
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is under way in early adulthood.
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According to Labouvie-Vief, adulthood involves moving from _______________ thought.
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hypothetical to pragmatic
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Lev Vygotsky's theory focuses on
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how culture is transmitted to the next generation.
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Emotional self-regulation refers to
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the strategies children use to adjust their emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity.
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In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display
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separation anxiety.
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Some basic emotions are happiness, fear, sadness, and
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disgust.
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___________ is early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.
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Temperament
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The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions, is called
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animistic thinking.
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The practical, social side of language is called
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pragmatics.
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Metacognition involves
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thinking about thought.
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Piaget called children's self-directed utterances _________ speech, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspectives of others.
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egocentric
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____________ refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of object remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.
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Conservation
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With __________________, a woman is given hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova. These are removed surgically and placed in a dish of nutrients, to which sperm are added.
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in vitro fertilization
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The Human Genome Project is an ambitious international research program aimed at
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deciphering the chemical makeup of human genetic material.
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Down syndrome most commonly results from
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a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
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During the decade of the twenties, there is a sharp rise in the extent to which people feel they
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are personally in control of the events in their lives.
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In the transformation of romantic involvements from passionate to companionate, __________ may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives.
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commitment
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The leading cause of unintentional injury to children in the United States is
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motor vehicle accidents.
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During middle childhood, child-invented games usually involve
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simple physical skills and a sizable element of luck.
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________ aggression in verbal and ________ forms tends to rise over early and middle childhood.
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Reactive; relational
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The ____________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach.
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authoritative
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Which of the following is true about the consequences of smoking during pregnancy?
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Smoking during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, asthma, infant death, and childhood cancer.
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