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383 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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During the play years, children become ___ as the lower body __ and baby fat turns to ___
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slimmer
lengthens muscle |
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A typical 6 year old
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At least 3.5 ft tall
40-50 lbs lean, not chubby |
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"just right"
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Many young children are compulsive about daily routines, including meals
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myelination
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process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses
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Corpus Callosum
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A long band of nerve fibers that conect the left and right hemispheres of the brain
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Lateralization
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Specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain
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Left handed adults tend to have a ___ corpus callosum
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thicker
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___ brain controls logical reasoning, detailed analysis and the basics of language
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Left
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___ brain controls generalized emotions and creative impulses
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Right
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Prefrontal cortex
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Higher order cognition, planning and complex forms of goal directed behavior
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Preservation
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Tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time
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3 parts of Limbic system
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Amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus
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Preservation
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Tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time
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Amygdala
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Registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety
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3 parts of Limbic system
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Amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus
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Amygdala
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Registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety
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Hypothalamus
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Responds to the hippocampus and amygdala to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body
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Hippocampus
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Central processor of memory, especially of locations
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Hippocampus
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Central processor of memory, especially of locations
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More children die of ___ than from any other cause
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violence - accidental or deliberate
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3 levels of prevention
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primary, secondary and tertiary
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Hypothalamus
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Responds to the hippocampus and amygdala to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body
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Primary prevention
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overall situation
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For preschoolers, fatal accidents are more likely to involve:
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poision, fire, choking or drowning
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Secondary prevention
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Specific to case
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More children die of ___ than from any other cause
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violence - accidental or deliberate
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3 levels of prevention
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primary, secondary and tertiary
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For preschoolers, fatal accidents are more likely to involve:
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poision, fire, choking or drowning
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Primary prevention
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overall situation
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Secondary prevention
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Specific to case
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Tertiary prevention
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After an injury
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Child maltreatment
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Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18
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Warning signs of abuse
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Delayed Development
Fearful, defensive Withdrawn and self critical |
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Permanency Planning
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Efforts by authorities to find a home that will nurture the child until adulthood
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Egocentric
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Understanding only your own perspective
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4 obstacles to logical operations
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Centration, Focus on Appearance, Static reasoning and irreversibility
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Centration
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Focus on one aspect of the situation to the exclusion of all others
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Static reasoning
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The world is unchanging
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Irreversibility
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Nothing can be undone
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Conservation
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Idea that the amount of a substance remains the same, when its appearance changes
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Vygotsky's theory
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Social Learning
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Apprentice in thinking
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Cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of a society
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Zone of proximal development
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Skills the person can perform with assistance, but not independently
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Scaffolding
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Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities
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Language advances thinking in two ways
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Private speech
Social Mediation |
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Private Speech
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Internal dialogue
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Social Mediation
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Refine skills through both formal instruction and casual conversation
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Theory-Theory
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Children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories
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Theory of mind
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A person's theory of what other people might be thinking
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Fast mapping
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Speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by mentally charting them into categories according to their meaning
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Logical extension
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After learning a word, children use it to describe other objects in the same category
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Overregularization
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The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur
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Language shift
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Becoming more fluent in the new language than in the home language
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Child centered education programs
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Play and explore
Creativity Montessori Schools Reggio Emilia Approach |
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Montessori Schools
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Emphasize individual pride and accomplishment
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Reggio Emilia Approach
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Small group of children become engaged in long term projects of their choosing
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Teacher Directed Programs
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There is a clear distinction between the serious work of schooling and the cozy play of home
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Emotional regulation
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Learning when and how to express emotions is the preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between 2 and 6
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Erikson's 3rd stage
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Initiative vs. guilt
Children begin new activities and feel guilty when they fail |
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Self esteem
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How a person evaluates his or her own worth
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Self Concept
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Understanding of who you are
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Maturity of guilt/shame
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Guilt means that people blame themselves because they have done something wrong;
Shame is the feeling that others are blaming them; guilt is more mature |
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Intrinsic motivation
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Goals or drives that come from inside
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Extrinsic motivation
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Need for rewards from outside
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Psychopathology
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Illness or disorder that involves the mind
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With increased social awareness and decreased egotism, 2 other emotions develop:
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Empathy and Antipathy
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Empathy
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Ability to understand emotions of another person
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Antipathy
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Dislike or even hatred of other people
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Prosocial behavior
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Being helpful and kind without gaining any obvious benefit
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Antisocial behavior
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Deliberately hurting another
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Instrumental aggression
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Intended to get or keep something
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Reactive aggression
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Retaliation
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Bullying aggression
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Deliberately hurt
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Aggression becomes less ___ but more ___ with time
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common
hurtful |
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Parents differ on 4 dimensions
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Expressions of warmth
Strategies for discipline Communication Expectations for maturity |
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3 parenting styles
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Authoritarian
Permissive Authoritative |
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Sex differences
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Biological differences between males and females in organs, hormones and body type
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Gender differences
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Differences in the roles and behavior of males and females that originate in culture
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Psychoanalytic Theory - 3rd stage
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Phallic stage
Penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure |
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Oedipus complex
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Unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love
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Identification
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An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else
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Behaviorism
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Virtually all gender roles are learned
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Cognitive Theory on gender
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Children develop a mental set, gender schema, which biases their views of whatever experiences they have
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Sociocultural Theory on gender
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Every society has powerful values and attitudes regarding preferred behavior for women and men
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Androgyny
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A balance within a person of traditionally male and female psychological characteristics
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Overweight
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BMI above 85th percentile
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Obesity
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BMI above 95th percentile
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Asthma
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Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that makes breathing difficult
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Selective attention
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Ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
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Automatization
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Repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions until it becomes routine
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Aptitude
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Potential to master a particular skill
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Achievement tests
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Measures mastery or proficiency in a subject
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Flynn Effect
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Rise in average IQ scores over the decades
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Mental retardation
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30 years ago, the definition was an IQ below 70
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3 distinct types of intelligence
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Academic, Creative, Practical
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Dyslexia
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Unusual difficulty with reading
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Autism
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Inability to relate to other people normally, extreme self absorption and an ability to acquire normal speech
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Autistic spectrum disorder
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Any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communication and abnormal play
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Asperger Syndrome
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Unusually intelligent in their specialized area and speech is close to normal, but social interaction is impaired
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Piaget's 3rd cognitive stage
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Concrete Operational Thought
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Concrete Operational Thought
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Ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
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Classification
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Logical principle that things can be organized into groups according to some characteristic thing they have in common
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Identity
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Logical principle that certain characteristics of an object remain the same even if other characteristics change
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Reversibility
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Things can return to their original state
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Sensory memory
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Stores incoming stimuli for a split second after they are received, to allow them to be processed
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Working memory
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Where current conscious mental activity occurs
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Long term memory
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Virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely
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Knowledge base
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A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area
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Control processes
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Mechanisms that put memory, processing speed and the knowledge base together
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Metacognition
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Thinking about thinking
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Pragmatics
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Practical use of language;
Using the appropriate code in each context |
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Total Immersion
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Instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second majority language
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Hidden curriculum
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Unrecognized lessons that children learn in school
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Phonics
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Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations
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Whole language approach
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Encouraging early use of all language skills
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I - self
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Self as subject, person who thinks, acts and feels independently
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Me - self
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Self as object, a person reflected, validated and critiqued by others
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Social comparison
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The tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers
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Culture of children
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Habits, styles and values that characterize children as distinct from adult society
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Deviancy training
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Children show each other how to avoid adult restrictions
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Social efficacy
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If people come to believe that they can affect their circumstances; this belief then leads to action that changes the social context
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Kohlbergs levels of moral reasoning
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Preconventional, Conventional and Postconventional
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3 common values among 6 to 11 year olds
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Protect your friends
Don't tell adults what's happening Don't be too different from your peers |
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Neglected
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Ignored but not shunned
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Aggressive - Rejected
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Antagonistic and confrontational
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Withdrawn rejected
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Rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn and anxious behavior
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Social cognition
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Ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior
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Effortful control
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Modifying impulses and emotions
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Bullying
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Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal or social attack on a weaker person
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Bully victims
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Someone who attacks others and is attacked as well
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Family structure
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The legal and genetic relationships among relatives in the same home
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Family function
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The way a family works to care for its members
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5 functions of families
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Provide basic necessities
Encourage learning Develop self respect Nurture peer relationships Ensure harmony and stability |
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2 factors of family trouble
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Low income
High conflict |
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Latency
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Emotional drives are quiet and unconscious and sexual conflicts are submerged
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Erikson's 4th stage
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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Resilience
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Capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
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Between 2-6, children grow
approx. __ inches and __ lbs per year |
3
4.5 |
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By age 6, avg child is __ lbs
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46
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Most influential predictors of body size
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Health care, genetics, and nutrition
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Body size: boys are...
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More muscular, have less body
fat, slightly taller and heavier |
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By age 5, brain is __% of adult weight
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90
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Myelination of corpus callosum by age...
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8
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Maltreatment is less likely in communities where...
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children are seen as asset;
child care is considered responsibility of community; young children are not expected to be responsible for their actions; violence in any context is disapproved |
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Maltreating parents tend to be:
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less trusting
less self-assured less adaptable |
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Consequences of maltreatment
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slower to speak - underweight - less able to concentrate - behind in school - less friendly - more aggressive
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Only about __% of abused children grow up to be abusers
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30
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Abusive families can be classified as (4):
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vulnerable
restorable supportable inadequate |
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Vulnerable abusive family
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Surrounding a crisis, but can go back to normal functioning
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Restorable abusive family
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Problem is more chronic, but still can function
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Supportable abusive family
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Can function but needs regular intervention from helping professions
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Inadequate abusive family
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Abuse is not going away, need to take away parental rights
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Limitations of Preschool Thinking
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Egocentrism
Centration Precausal Reasoning Distinguishing appearance from reality |
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Precausal reasoning
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Not always reasoning logically, sometimes confuse cause and effect
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Reconsidering Piaget and Conservation...
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Maybe ids can conserve younger than 5
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3 number tasks to master
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one-to-one correspondence
stable order cardinality |
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One to one correspondence
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touching one object for each number that is counted aloud.
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Stable order
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2 follows 1
11 follows 10 |
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Cardinality
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The number of the last object is your outcome
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Factors Affecting Numeracy
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brain maturation
family language |
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Preschoolers have good memories but they are...
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Erratic
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Scripts
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An expected sequence of events
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Role of parents to help memory
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give advanced warning
sequence questions ask specific questions provide cues elaborate |
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At age ___ kids start to know that other people's thoughts can be different than their own
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4.5 to 5
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Theory of mind
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Knowledge and awareness of both your own thoughts and the thoughts of others
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At age 2 you have an awareness of others...
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emotions
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3-4: you can distinguish between __ events and __
events |
mental
physical |
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important milestone: preschoolers realize that mental states don’t always reflect ___
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reality;
ex: deception and wrong thoughts |
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4-5: distinguish between objective __ and subjective __
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reality
understanding |
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Factors affecting theory of the mind:
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brain maturation, language ability,
presence of older siblings, culture |
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Language tasks to master in early childhood (2-6)...
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Sounds
Vocabulary Rules Syntax |
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Syntax
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Language rules for ordering things
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Role of adults to help with early childhood language...
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Slow their speech
Use clear sentences Use repetition Model elaborate and correct usage |
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Effects of bilingualism
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Less egocentric
More advanced in their theory of mind Initially slower vocabulary growth |
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According to Vygotsky, __ and __ are vital to cognitive development
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language
social interaction |
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4 traits of good preschools:
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Low teacher-student ratio
Trained staff Cognitive development not behavior control Space allowing for constructive play |
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4 areas to develop early childhood self control
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Movement
Emotion Reflective Thought Delay of gratification |
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Impulse control is a ___, not a ___
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resource
skill |
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Those who delayed taking the marshmallow, became...
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More socially competent
Personally effective Self-assertive Better able to cope with frustrations Better able to handle stress Less likely to give up in the face of difficulty |
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Those who could not resist the marshmallow became...
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More often resisted social contacts
More stubborn, indecisive More easily upset by frustration Lower self-esteem More mistrustful and resentful about not “getting enough” Overreact with a sharp temper |
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Baumrind's 4 parental behaviors
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Nurturance, control, communication and maturity demands
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Good punishment
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Positive reinforcement of desired behaviors
Understand child’s capabilities Clear rules and reasons for them Punishment should be immediate Remove from troubling situation |
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Initiative (vs. guilt)
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Active investigation of the world seen as a pleasurable experience
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(Initiative vs.) Guilt
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belief that some wrong has been
committed or some sanction violated |
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At age 2 gender related ___ are apparent
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preferences
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At age 4 certain __ and ___ are believed to be gender appropriate
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toys
roles |
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Age 5: believe gender constancy
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maleness and femaleness will not change
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Freudian perspective on gender
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Identify with same sex parent
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Behaviorist perspective on gender
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Through learning and punishment
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Cognitive perspective on gender
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Mental frameworks, gender schemas
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Socio cultural perspective on gender
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Messages sent from culture
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Epigenetic perspective on gender
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Genes and environment interact
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Risk factors for asthma
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- A family history of asthma or allergies
– Frequent respiratory infections – Low birth weight – Exposure to tobacco smoke before or after birth – Black or Puerto-Rican ethnicity – Being raised in a low-income environment |
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Causes of asthma
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• Genetics
• Reduction in childhood infections that protect against asthma • Urbanization, cockroaches, less outdoor play • Triggers: allergens |
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Primary prevention of asthma
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better ventilation, more
outdoor play areas |
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Secondary prevention of asthma
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reducing allergens, breast
feeding |
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Tertiary prevention of asthma
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medical interventions (injections,
inhalers) |
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Treatment of Asthma
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• Avoiding asthma triggers
• Medication • Monitoring daily symptoms |
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Stimuli that incite asthmatic
episodes |
• Allergens
• Pharmacologic stimuli • Air pollution (ozone, nitrogen dioxide) • Occupational factors • Infections (RSV is most common infectious agent) • Exercise • Emotional stress |
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ADHD symptoms
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• Inability to pay attention
• Inability to sit still • Impulsiveness |
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Impact of ADHD
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Poor school performance, difficulty keeping friends, low self-esteem
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Causes of ADHD
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Less activity in portions of brain that control attention
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Diagnosis of ADHD
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Interview, family description, CPT
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Treatment of ADHD
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stimulant medications, social-skills training, clear behavioral guidelines
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Aseperger's syndrome
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» Trouble with social skills
» Odd or repetitive behavior » Communication difficulties » Talented in a particular area |
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Learning Disabilities
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Discrepancy between expected
learning and actual learning with no other marked handicap |
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Least Restrictive Environment
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Children with special needs are
offered as much freedom as possible to benefit from instruction |
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Resource rooms
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classrooms where a special education program can be delivered to a student with a disability
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Traditional view of intelligence
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– 1. Inborn
– 2. Unitary – 3. Measurable |
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Heredity within groups does not =
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heredity between groups
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IQ does not =
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intelligence
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Heritability does not =
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un-modifiability
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Conservation solution: Identity
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Its the same water
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Conservation solution: Reversibility
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If you pour it back, it will be the same
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Conservation solution: Reciprocity
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1 glass is tall and skinny while 1 is short and fat
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During Middle Childhood, basic memory processes improve...
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retrieval speed and long term memory
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New memory strategies during middle childhood
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rehearsal
organization |
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Erikson's 4th developmental stage
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Industry vs. Inferiority
•Children make initial assessments of how they can contribute to the larger society |
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Biggest predictor of literacy in childhood
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Exposure to language
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Overjustification effect
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Extrinsic reward is so powerful and swallows up the intrinsic motivation
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Does self esteem cause: Better performance:
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NO
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Does self esteem cause: Interpersonal success:
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NO
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Does self esteem cause: Happiness:
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YES
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Does self esteem cause: Healthier lifestyles:
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SOMETIMES
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Why the (relationship/lack of) between self-esteem and positive outcomes?
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We derive our self – esteem from prior behavioral history/performance
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Self Evaluation shift in middle childhood
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•Kindergarteners think they are in the smartest of the class
•Then start to notice who else is better than them, receive real feedback |
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Criteria Competence shift in middle childhood
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As children get older, moves from content based to a normative based;
I know about dinosaurs -> I get 95s and the teacher always asks me for help |
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Shift of Malleability of competence in middle childhood
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•Young: with practice and time, everyone can be great
•Older: more fixed understanding of ability |
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Middle childhood changes in friendship
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Advances in communication skills
Expectations of friendship -> reciprocity Groups become more strongly gender segregated Bullying Social competence increases |
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Preconventional Morality
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Rewards and punishments
1: obedience and punishment 2: individualism and exchange |
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Conventional Morality
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3: Good interpersonal relations
4: Maintaining social order |
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Post Conventional Morality
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5: Social contract and individual rights
6: Universal principles |
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Criticisms of Kohlberg:
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Largely biased towards males, who engage in more abstract discussion, whereas women focus on harmony and good social relations
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By age 5, the brain has reached about ______ of its adult weight.
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90%
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For preschoolers, the cause of accidental death is most likely from:
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Drowning
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Mothers who are depressed, financially stressed, and whose infants tend to have difficult temperaments may maltreat their babies. Those mothers tend to:
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blame the baby for crying
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Mary, who is left-handed, exhibits better coordination of both sides of her body than do her right-handed siblings. How might Mary's better coordination be explained from a brain development perspective?
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The corpus collosa is thicker in left-handed adults.
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The part of the body that develops most quickly is:
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The brain
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The factor largely responsible for the great differences in height between children in developed and underdeveloped nations is:
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Nutrition
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After a head injury, 15-year-old Jack started having temper tantrums. Most likely his ______ was injured.
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Secondary prevention always involves:
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responding to the first symptoms of a problem.
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Jesse's home life was extremely stressful and violent until he was placed into foster care at age six. Upon entering first grade, it was apparent that some learning and memory deficits existed. That is probably because.
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part of his hippocampus was destroyed by stress hormones
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Matthew spoke in a grammatically correct way when he first started talking. Now at age 3, he is routinely making overregularization errors. What happened to Matthew?
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He is demonstrating an understanding of the rules of grammar
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A magician's stock and trade is getting the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he is manipulating another. This is most easy with preoperational children, as they are easily fooled with their tendency to:
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Centrate
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A teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process is:
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Scaffolding
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Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. The research term for this is:
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Theory-Theory
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The underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is:
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Maturation of the prefrontal cortex
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Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery, Vygotsky attributed it to:
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social activities guided by others
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A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called:
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fast mapping
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Vygotsky believed that language advances thinking through:
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Private speech and mediation
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When a preschooler judges his or her own skills, he or she tends to:
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overestimate his or her own abilities
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The difference between relational and reactive aggression is that relational aggression is ______, whereas reactive aggression is ______.
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social; physical behavior
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According to behaviorist theorists, parents are:
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Models for behavior
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Video violence...
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Makes children more violent
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Mrs. Kaminsky is a very nurturing parent and has good communication with her children whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is:
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Permissive
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In a game of dodge ball played by a large group of second-graders, the same children regularly get hit with the ball. This probably is due to:
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slow reaction time
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The underlying problem in ADHD is most likely:
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a neurological difficulty involving neurotransmitters.
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Down syndrome, Asperger syndrome, and depression all begin with:
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A biological anomaly
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Seven-year-old Henry was diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia. His ADHD:
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is comorbid with his dyxlexia
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The disorder mentioned in the text that affects only girls is:
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Rhett syndrome
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A major criticism of the ESL approach in preparing children for the regular English-speaking classroom is that:
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children's attempts to communicate with each other are devalued.
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Two factors that play important roles in the connection between low SES and language learning are:
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early exposure to language and expectation
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The Piagetian concept that certain characteristics of an object remain the same despite changes in the object's appearance is:
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Identity
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John has the ability to talk informally with his friends and more formally to his teachers when called on in class. This is because John understands the:
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Pragmatics of his language
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Piaget has provided us with the ______ of children's concepts, whereas Vygotsky has provided us with the ______.
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individual context; social context
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The main reason 11-year-olds are better thinkers than 7-year-olds is because
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they have better retrieval strategies and analysis
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Lawrence Kohlberg built on the theories of ______ in his description of the stages of moral development.
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Piaget
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The bully who has been a victim of bullying himself is called a:
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Bully victim
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Compared with younger children, older children more often choose friends...
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of the same sex and background as themselves
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Preconventional morality involves:
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an emphasis on reward and punishment
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During the school years ______ decreases
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self-esteem
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The percentage of school-age children that live in households headed by a single father is:
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5%
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In childhood, how children react to a serious stressor depends primarily on:
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how many other stressors are present.
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Both bullies and their victims assume that:
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Adults will not intervene
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Ages of "The Preschool Years" / Early Childhood
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2-6
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From age 2-6, each year most children add ___ inches and ___ lbs
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3
4.5 |
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Height differences ___ groups are greater than the average differences ___ groups
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within
between |
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During preschool years, children need ___ calories per pound than they did as infants
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fewer
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Young children generally insist that a particular experience occur in an exact sequence and manner, a phenomenon called...
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just right
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By age 2, the brain weighs ___% of its adult weight
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75
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By age 5, the brain weighs ___% of its adult weight
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90
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The specialization of the two sides of the body and brain is called...
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lateralization
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The ___ side of the brain has areas dedicated to...
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logic, analysis and language
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The ___ hemisphere controls...
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emotion and creative impulses
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The Prefrontal cortex is sometimes called the ___ because all other areas of the brain are ruled by its decisions
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Executive
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2 signs of an undeveloped prefrontal cortex
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impulsiveness and preservation
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The part of the brain that plays a crucial role in the expression and regulation of emotions
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Limbic system
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The __ regulates emotions, particularly fear and anxiety
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amygdala
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The ___ is the central processor of memory
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Hippocampus
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The ___ produces hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body
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Hypothalamus
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Memory of when, where and how a fact was learned
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source memory
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Large body movements such as running, climbing, jumping and throwing
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Gross motor skills
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Skills that involve small body movements, such as pouring liquids and cutting foods
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Fine motor skills
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Leading cause of childhood death
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Accidental injury
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Preventative community actions that reduce everyone's change of injury
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primary prevention
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Preventative actions that avert harm in the immediate situation
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Secondary prevention
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Actions aimed at minimizing the impact of an adverse event that has already occurred
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Tertiary prevention
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Intentional harm to, or avoidable endangerment of, someone under age 18
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child maltreatment
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Actions that are deliberately harmful to a child's well being
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abuse
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A failure to acct appropriately to meet a child's basic needs
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Neglect
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In young children, preservation is a sign of
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immature brain functions
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The area of the brain that directs and controls the other areas
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Prefrontal cortex
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During childhood, the ___ develops faster than any other part of the body
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brain
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The center for perceiving various types of visual configurations is usually located in the brain's...
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right hemisphere
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Seeing her toddler reach for the hot stove top, mom grabs her hand and says, "No, that is very hot." This behavior is an example of...
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Secondary prevention
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Most gross motor skills can be learned by healthy children by about age...
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5
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___ are often caused by increased activity in the amygdala, which is normal during childhood
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Nightmares
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2 year old Carrie is hyperactive, often confused between fantasy and reality, and jumps at any sudden noise. Her pediatrician suspects she is suffering from...
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PTSD
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Which aspect of brain development during the play years contributes most to enhancing communication among the brain's various specialized areas?
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Proliferation of dendrite networks
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Piaget referred to cognitive development between that ages of 2 and 6 as...
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Preoperational Intelligence
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Young children's tendency to contemplate the world exclusively from their personal perspective...
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Egocentrism
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Young children's tendency to think about one aspect of a situation at a time is called...
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centration
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Children tend to focus on ___ to the exclusion of other attributes of objects and people
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Appearance
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The inability to recognize that reversing a process will restore the original conditions from which the process began
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irreversibility
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The idea that amount is unaffected by changes in appearance is called...
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conservation
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According to Vygotsky, a child is an ___ whose intellectual growth is stimulated by more skilled members of society
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apprentice in training
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Vygotsky: A range of skills that a person can exercise with assistance but is not yet able to perform indepenently
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Zone of Proximal Development
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Vygotsky: 2 crucial ways that language is essential to the advancement of thinking...
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pricate speech, social mediation
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Term that highlights the idea that children attempt to construct theories to explain everything they see and hear
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theory-theory
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An understanding of other's thinking
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Theory of mind
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Many 3 year olds have difficulty realizing that a belief can be...
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false
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Developing theory of mind...(4)
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Neurological maturation
Language ability Sibling Culture |
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Two aspects of development that make ages 2 to 6 the prime time for learning language are...
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brain maturation and myelination
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A process used to learn words after 1 or 2 hearings
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fast mapping
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Process by which children are able to apply newly learned words to other objects in the same category
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Logical extensions
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Children who speak 2 languages by age 5 are often...
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less egocentric
more advanced theory of mind less fluency in either language slower reading development |
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Piaget's take on education
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Let children discover ideas at their own pace
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Vygotsky's approach to education
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Children learn from other children under the watchful guidance of adults
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Montessori school
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child centered
projects to give them a sense of accomplishment |
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Reggio Emilia schools
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Encourage children to master skills not usually seen in American schools till age 7
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3 elements of preoperational thinking
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Focus on appearance
Static reasoning Centration |
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Vygotsky: Children learn because adults...
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Present challenges
Offer assistance Encourage motivation |
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Children develop theory of mind around age
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3-6
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Most 5 year olds have difficulty understanding comparisons because
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They don't understand that meaning depends on context
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The major psychosocial accomplishment of the play years is learning...
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When and how to express emotions
Emotional Regulation |
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Erikson stage for ages 3 - 6
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initiative vs. guilt
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Guilt is a more mature emotion than shame because guilt is
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internalized
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Children who have externalizing problems...
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lash out
are undercontrolled |
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Children who have internalizing problems
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Tend to be inhibited, fearful and withdrawn
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Repeated exposure to extreme stress can kill neurons and make some children
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Physiologically unable to regulate their emotions
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By age 5, most children can be deliberately prosocial or antisocial because...
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Brain maturation
Emotional regulation Theory of mind Interactions with caregivers |
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Aggression used to obtain or retain an object or privilege
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Instrumental
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Aggression used in angry retaliation
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Reactive
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Aggression that takes the form of insults or social rejection
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Relational
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The form of aggression that is most likely to increase from age 2 to 6 is
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Instrumental
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Appropriate punishments
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Clarify what is expected
Remember what the child is able to do Be rare Reserved for behaviors that the child understands and can reasonably control |
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By age __, children can consistently apply gender labels and have a rudimentary understanding of the permanence of their own gender
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2
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By age __, children are convinced that certain toys and roles are appropriate for one gender but not the other
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4
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Awareness that sex is a fixed biological characteristic does not become solid until about age...
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8
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Freud called the period from age 3 to 6 the...
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Phallic stage
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Boys develop a powerful conscience in self defense...
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superego
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Erikson noted that preschoolers eagerly begin new activities but are vulnerable to criticism and feelings of failure; they experience the crisis of...
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Initiative vs. guilt
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Children who have internalizing problems tend to have greater activity in the...
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Right prefrontal cortex
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Ages of the school years/middle childhood?
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7-11
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The biggest influence on development from age 7 to 11 is the changing...
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context
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People who inherit a gene allele called ___ are more likely to be obese
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FTO
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Causes/triggers of asthma
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Genes
Infections Allergens (pet hair) |
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Flynn Effect
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The average IQ scores of nations have increased
|
|
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Mentally retarded, IQ below...
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70
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Sternberg's 3 types of intelligence
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Academic
Practical Creative |
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The ability to filter out distractions and concentrate on relevant details
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Selective Attention
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Process by which thoughts and actions become routine and no longer require much thought
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Automatization
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According to Piaget, between 7 and 11...
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Concrete Operational Thought
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The concept that objects can be organized into categories according to some common property...
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Classification
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The logical principle that certain characteristics of an object remain the same even when other characteristics change...
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identity
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The idea that a transformation process can be reversed to restore the original condition...
|
reversibility
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The mechanisms of the info-processing system that regulate the analysis and flow of information
|
control processes
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3 control processes
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selective attention
Metacognition Emotional Regulation |
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According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development in which a person understands specific logical ideas and can apply them to concrete problems
|
concrete operational thought
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Which aspect of memory is most likely to change during the school years
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The speed and efficiency of working memory
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2 kinds of socially rejected kids
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aggressive-rejected
withdrawn-rejected |
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The ability to understand human interactions
|
social cognition
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The power school children have to modify their impulses and emotions
|
Effortful control
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Family function refers to how well the family...
|
Works to meet the needs of its members
|
|
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Family stress model
|
Economic hardship in a family increases stress, which often makes adults more harsh and hostile with their children
|
|
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Freud describes middle childhood as the period of latency, when...
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emotional drives are quiet and unconscious sexual conflicts are submerged
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Erikson: the crisis of middle childhood is...
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industry vs. inferiority
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Between 9 and 11, children are likely to demonstrate moral reasoning at which of Kohlberg's stages?
|
Conventional
|
|
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3 values of middle childhood
|
Protect your friends
Don't tell adults what really goes on Try not to be too different from other children |
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As they evaluate themselves according to increasingly complex self-theories, school age children typically experience a ___ in self esteem
|
dip
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Most aggressive-rejected children ___ other people's words and behavior
|
misinterpret
|
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School age bullies are socially perceptive but not...
|
empathetic
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Research regarding factors that contribute to children's problems found the strongest correlation between children's peace of mind and...
|
feelings of self-blame and vulnerability
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