Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cells |
Smallest living unit of organization |
|
Tissues |
Similar structured cells grouped together |
|
Organs |
Various tissues bonded together to form organs |
|
Exocytosis |
Transportation of materials from inside cell to outside of cell |
|
Endocytosis |
Intake of materials to the inside of the cell |
|
Pinocytosis |
Fluid or liquids ingested by cell |
|
Phagocytosis |
Engulfing and digesting of solid material by cell |
|
Nucleus |
Largest organelle in cell |
|
Mitochondria |
Organelles that manufacture energy |
|
Ribosomes |
Produces protein |
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Membrane-bound organelle with rough or smooth channels, transports proteins |
|
Golgi Complex |
Segregates, packaging, and transporting of protein |
|
Lysosomes |
Intra and extracellular digestion (vacuoles) |
|
Cytoskeleton and Inclusions |
Metabolically inert transient substances, can be held for storage |
|
Interphase |
Cell is between divisions, growing and functioning |
|
Prophase |
First, chromatin condenses into chromosomes |
|
Pro-Metaphase |
Initiation of alignment of chromosomes |
|
Metaphase |
2nd, chromosomes align into equatorial position |
|
Anaphase |
3rd, separation of two chromatids |
|
Telophase |
4th, final phase with division into two daughter cells |
|
Desmosomes |
Intercellular junction between cells |
|
Hemidesmosomes |
Forms intercellular junction with noncellular surface. |
|
Functions of Hemidesmosomes |
Attach epithelium to connective tissue, gingiva to tooth, nail to nail bed, basement membrane to basal lamina |
|
Four types of Tissue |
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nerve |
|
Function of epithelial tissue |
Covers and lines the internal and external body surfaces, involved in absorption, excretion, and sensory functions |
|
Where does epithelial tissue originate from embryonically? |
Can be any of the three embryonic cell layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm |
|
Histology of Epithelial Tissue |
Avascular (relies on underlying connective tissue) |
|
Basement Membrane |
Always present between epithelium and connective tissue, produced by both of them, acellular |
|
Layers of basement membrane |
Basal Lamina - Superior portion, produced by epithelium, made up of Lamina Lucida and Lamina densa Reticular Lamina - Inferior portion, produced by connective tissue
|
|
Retes Ridges |
Interdigitation between outer epithelium and the deeper connective tissue |
|
Connective Tissue |
Derived from somites in the mesoderm, vascularized, involved in support, packaging, storage, transport, repair, and defense |
|
Histology of Connective Tissue |
Most common kind of cell is the fibroblast, can have three types of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) |
|
Connective Tissue Proper |
Called Lamina Propria in oral cavity, consists of loose connective tissue (padding layer) and dense connective tissue (reticular layer) |
|
Specialized Connective Tissue |
Adipose - contains little to no matrix Elastic connective tissue |
|
Cartilage |
Noncalcified, avascular, forms temporary skeleton, present at articulating surfaces |
|
Bone |
Compact and loose osseous connective tissue, extracellular matrix becomes calcified |
|
Blood |
Connects body tissues together by supplying nutrients |
|
Type I Collagen |
Most common type in skin dermis, lamina propria, bone, and almost all connective tissue |
|
Type II Collagen |
In Hyaline and elastic cartilage |
|
Type III Collagen |
In granulation tissue produced quickly by young fibroblasts before tougher Type I is made, usually found alongside Type I |
|
Type IV Collagen |
Basal lamina, eye lens, filtration system of kidneys |
|
Muscle Tissue |
Striated, consists of myofibers, myofibrils, myofilaments, there are three classes (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) |
|
Nerve Tissue |
Nucleus with dendrites, cell body is surrounded by myelin sheath, and axon |
|
Nervous System Division |
CNS - brain and spinal cord PNS - cranial and spinal nerves of somatic and autonomic nervous system |
|
Autonomic NS Divisions |
Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
|
Characteristics of Lining Mucosa |
Nonkeratinized, has elastic fibers and can be stretched, fewer retes ridges, serves as a cushion, may have Fordyce's granules |
|
Types of Lining Mucosa |
Buccal mucosa Labial mucosa Alveolar Mucosa Floor of mouth and ventral surface of tongue Soft Palate |
|
Characteristics of Masticatory MucosaK |
Keratinized or Parakeratinized, rubbery texture, numerous retes ridges and C.T. papilla, thin or absent submucosa |
|
Types of Masticatory Mucosa |
Attached gingiva Hard Palate Dorsal surface of tongue |
|
Specialized Mucosa |
Lingual papilla on dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue, composed of epithelium and lamina propria (C.T.) |
|
Types of Lingual Papilla |
Fungiform Foliate Circumvallate Filiform (only one without taste buds) |
|
Cells in the Epithelium |
Keratin, melanocytes, neutrophils, langerhans, merkel cells (touch receptor) |
|
Nonkeratinized Epithelium in Oral Mucosa |
Most common form of epithelium in oral cavity, contains at least 3 layers (Basal, intermediate, Superficial) |
|
Basal Layer of Nonkeratinized Epithelium |
Deepest layer, stratum basal, single layer of cuboidal cells attached to B.M., produces basal lamina portion of B.M., mitosis occurs in this layer ONLY |
|
Intermediate Layer of Nonkeratinized |
Stratum Intermedium, larger, stacked, polyhedral shaped cells, the bulk of the epithelium |
|
Superficial Layer of Nonkeratinized |
Stratum Superficiale, even larger stacked polyhedral cells, most superficial cells on the surface are flattened into Squames |
|
Orthokeratinized Epithelium |
Least common form in oral cavity (hard palate, attached gingiva, lingual papilla), forms keratin in superficial layers as it matures, contains 4 layers (basal, prickle, granular, keratin) |
|
Prickle Cell Layer of Orthokeratinized Ep. |
Stratum Spinosum, makes up the bulk of the epithelium, prickly because the desmosomal junction remains stretching the borders when cells lose their cytoplasm |
|
Granular Layer of Orthokeratinized Ep. |
Stratum Granulosum, contains flat cells in stacks of 3-5 cells thick, contain nucleus and keratohyaline granules |
|
Keratin Layer of Orthokeratinized Ep. |
Stratum Corneum, variable thickness depending on region, flattened cells with no nucleus, cytoplasm is filled with keratin, waterproof, soft, opaque, outer cells of the layer are squamous in shape |
|
Parakeratinized Epithelium |
More commonly found in masticatory mucosa, considered an immature form of orthokeratinized, normal in oral cavity but abnormal elsewhere, contains nuclei still in keratin layer |
|
Hyperkeratinization |
When nonkeratinized epithelium transforms and develops a keratin layer in response to trauma (linea alba) |
|
Lamina Propria of Oral Mucosa |
Has at least 2 layers - papillary, dense, and may have submucosa |
|
Papillary Layer of Lamina Propria |
Most superficial, consists of loose C.T., contains elastic fibers in lining mucosa, allows room for blood vessels and nerves |
|
Dense Layer of Lamina Propria |
Deeper layer, consists of dense C.T. with many fibers |
|
Submucosa of Lamina Propria |
May or not be present, more loosely compacted fibers, adipose tissue or salivary glands may be present |
|
Characteristics of Attached Gingiva |
Epithelium is thick and either kera or parakeratinized, contains retes ridges, and C.T. papilla, no submucosa, lamina propria acts as an added periosteum to the alveolar bone |
|
Characteristics of Hard Palate |
Thick layer of keratinized epithelium and a thick laminal propria, lateral portions have submucosa |
|
Taste Buds |
Contain 30-80 spindle shaped cells that extend from B.M. to the surface, turnover time is 10 days, taste pore is opening in epithelium that contacts the taste bud |
|
Two types of cells in Taste buds |
Supporting cells on outer portion Taste cells located in the center that contain superficial taste receptors that produce the taste sensation |
|
Filiform Lingual Papilla |
Thread like, found on dorsum of tongue, highly keratinized with core of lamina propria, most numerous papilla |
|
Fungiform Lingual Papilla |
Mushroom shaped, contains numerous taste buds, thin layer of keratin over highly vascularized lamina propria, 1 mm in diameter |
|
Foliate Lingual Papilla |
4-11 vertical ridges on lateral borders of tongue, leaf shaped, contain taste buds |
|
Circumvallate Lingual Papilla |
7-15 large mushroom papilla, lined in V shape, 3-5 mm in diameter, taste buds located at base of papilla and empty into trench, contain Von Ebner's salivary glands in the submucosa |
|
Pigmentation of Oral Mucosa |
Normally pink-reddish pink, may be brown or black if melanocytes are present in the basal layer (these cells are derived from neural crest cells) |
|
Turnover time for Junctional Epithelium |
4-6 days |
|
Turnover time for Buccal Mucosa |
10-14 days |
|
Turnover time for hard palate |
24 days |
|
General turnover time for other mucosa |
4-24 days |
|
How is tissue repaired? |
Formation of a clot, epithelial cells migrate, immature C.T. is formed (granulation tissue) and is later replaced by scar tissue with numerous fibers |
|
What happens to oral epithelium as a result of aging? |
Reduction in stippling (fewer retes and papilla), enlargement of lingual veins, reduction in number and quality of taste buds, xerostomia, decreased keratinization, thicker collagen fibers, less resilient elastic fibers, slower repair |
|
Sulcular Epithelium |
Lines sulcus next to tooth |
|
Junctional Epithelium |
Attaches gingiva to tooth, usually at CEJ |