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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many grams of carbohydrate should a 70Kg man eat (assume that half of his diet comes from carbs)?
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262.5g (70kg * 30kcal/kg = 2100 kcal/day * .5 = 1050kcals from carbs/day divided by 4kcal/g (carb energy density) = 262.5g of carbs
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What category of carbohydrate has greater than 9 monomers?
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polysaccharides
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How many monomers are in an oligosaccharide?
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three to nine
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Name the sub-classes of (simple) sugars:
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monosaccharides, disaccharides, polyols
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An intermediate glycemic index is defined as what range?
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56-69
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What is the glycemic load of watermelon? (GI = 72, carbs=5%)
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3.6
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Why are whole grains good for you?
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The husk contains fiber, which promotes good digestion (motility, stool volume) and may lower cholesterol
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How much fiber should you eat in a day?
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15-25g
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What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?
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soluble absorbs water (and therfore lowers LDL/post-prandial glucose and increases GI bulk better), insoluble does not
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What are the primary symptoms of lactose intolerance?
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gas and diarrhea (from fermentation of lactos by coloinic flora/osmotic load to the colon)
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What health benefits does eating oligosaccharids and amylose provide?
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incomplete absorption leads to colonic fermentation, which produces short chain fatty acids than help insulin sensitivity and lipid levels
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Why is amylopectin easier to digest than amylose?
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Has lots of "free ends" since its highly branched (amylose is linear and has only 2 ends)
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What is resistant starch?
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slowly absorbed because of prerparation method - similar health benefits to amylose (ie Corn)
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What is aspartame?
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example of "non-nutritive sweetener" - tastes good but unabsorbed
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What are the THREE types of studies used to inform nutritional decisions?
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Animal, Epidimelogicial, RCT (small w/soft endpoints, large w/hard endpoints)
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Which nutritional study type is the "gold standard"
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large RCT with hard endpoints
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Explain the difference between glycemic index and glycemic load:
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Index is the amout of glucose excursion a certain food triggers in a controlled experiment, load is the actual glucose spike produced by the food during normal eating (GI * carb content %)
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What is the most common acute complication of Diabetes?
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Hypoglycemia
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What lab values are necessary to diagnose DKA?
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Blood glucose > 2oo mg/dl and positive uriny dipstick ketone
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What are the TWO main components of DKA treatment?
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Insulin and Fluid Replacement
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What is the most common cause of DKA?
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infection (often accompanied by misguided omission of insuilin)
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At what level do hypoglycemia symtoms appear?
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Sugar < 50-60 mg/dl
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What are the TWO hypoglycemia symptom categories?
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Adrenergic (from excessive Epi secretion) and Neuroglycopenic (from CNS disfunction)
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Hypoglycemia is more common in which diabetes type?
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Type 1, since they take insulin more
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What is the treatment of hypoglycemic unawerness?
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avoid hypoglycemia for at least 3 weeks
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What are THREE non-diabetes causes of fasting hypoglycemia?
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Insulinoma, B cell tumor, MEN 1
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What is the tell-tale sign of factitious hypoglycemia?
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High insulin but low C peptide
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What are the THREE vascular wall responses to diabetes?
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Abnormal endothelial function, Abnormal smooth muscle fuciton, decreased fibrinolysis
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Hypertension is more common in which diabetes type?
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Type 2 (happens in type 1 only after renal disease onset)
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What are the FOUR main treatments of the macrovascular complications of diabetes?
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aspirin, B blockers, antihypertensives, lipid lowering agents
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What are the FOUR mechanisms for MICROvascular complicaitons of diabetes?
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polyol pathway, non-enzymatic glycosylation, elevation of Protein Kinase C, Osidative/Carbonyl Stress
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What are the FOUR types of Microvasucular diabetes complications?
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Retinopathy, Nephropathy, Neuropathy, Foot Disease
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How do we prevent retinopathy in diabetes?
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Annual exams (track stages), intervene w/laser during mild/severe PREproliferative stages
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How is diabetic nephropathy treated?
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Aggressive control of hyperglycemia and blood pressure (ACE-I and B Blockers)
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What are the FOUR categories of diabetic neuropathy?
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Distal symmetric polyneuropathy, Autonomic neuropathy, Mononueritis multiplex, diabetic amyotrophy
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How can diabetic foot disease be prevented?
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Appropriate footwear, examination, and education
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