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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anthropology is literally the study of __________.
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Humans |
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Which type of culture was the traditional focus for anthropologists?
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non-Western cultures
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The anthropological curiosity is primarily interested in __________. |
typical characteristics of a cultural group |
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Which branch of anthropology is divided into three major subfields? |
cultural anthropology |
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What is a fossil? |
the buried, hardened remains or an impression of an organism |
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What are the two broad classifications of subject matter within anthropology? |
biological and cultural |
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Prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans are all members of the order __________. |
Primates |
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Which of the following is least likely to interest an archaeologist? |
dinosaur bones |
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The study of how language is used in social contexts is called __________. |
sociolinguistics |
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How did anthropology help disprove assumptions by American educators in the 1960s that African American schoolchildren rarely drank milk because they were poor and uneducated? |
Anthropological research showed that many ethnic groups in different parts of the world, including Asians, Arabs, Jews, and African Americans, avoid fresh milk because they cannot digest it. |
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Which of the following areas of study is a part of anthropology?
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why contemporary peoples have different cultures
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Which type of anthropologist would be best suited to investigating the daily life of an Asian civilization dating to 15,000 years ago?
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an archaeologist
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Compared to anthropologists of previous years, an anthropologist today is more likely to __________.
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specialize in one certain topic or area
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Anthropology helps us realize that people are physically and culturally adapted to their particular __________.
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environment
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Although archaeologists and historians are both interested in the past, how does archaeology differ from history in its approach?
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Unlike historians, archaeologists study past societies that predate written records, using only material remains such as pottery and stone tools.
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Compared to the historian, the archaeologist is __________.
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more likely to study very ancient cultures
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Which of the following disciplines would have the greatest overlap with archaeologists researching early toolmaking
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geology
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What is the primary purpose of an ethnologist's fieldwork?
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It provides the data needed to describe the typical behavior and thought of a group of people
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Anthropologists, as well as other social scientists, feel that culture is __________. |
learned and shared |
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A group within a society that holds commonly shared customs is a __________. |
subculture |
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One indication of how much an animal depends on learned behavior for survival is the __________. |
proportion of its life span spent in childhood |
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Standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior are referred to by social scientists as __________. |
norms |
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The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably __________. |
language |
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The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as __________. |
ethnocentrism |
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A person who judges other cultures solely in terms of his or her own culture is said to be __________. |
ethnocentric |
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Which important tenet of anthropology was first championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others? |
cultural relativism |
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The ideal cultural traits of a society __________. |
consist of the ideas people have about how they ought to behave |
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One example of a __________ is how far apart people stand when they are having a conversation. |
cultural pattern |
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An adaptive custom is one that __________. |
enhances survival and reproduction |
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Which of the following is a basic pattern of diffusion? |
intermediate contact |
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Sets of learned and shared behaviors and ideas that are characteristic of a particular social group comprise the anthropological definition of __________. |
culture |
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The term subculture refers to __________. |
the variant culture of a group of people within a larger society |
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Because a word or phrase can represent what it stands for, whether or not that thing is present, we say that language is __________.
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symbolic
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Ethnocentrism both hinders our understanding of other peoples' cultures and __________. |
keeps us from understanding our own customs |
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How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture? |
hey use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior. |
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The conscious or unconscious pressure for cultural __________ will often produce cultural change. |
consistency |
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Which of the following is an example of forced acculturation? |
schools for Native American children |
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Although there are many negative consequences to globalization, the United Nations has suggested an improvement in _________ |
literacy rates |
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Which early-20th-century anthropologist studied Samoan adolescents, calling into question the assumption that adolescent psychological development was similar everywhere? |
Margaret Mead |
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What is Piaget's first stage of development? |
sensorimotor |
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Which expression of emotions seems to be culturally universal? |
recognition of facial expressions |
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The concept of __________, achieved by Western children between ages 7 and 11, states that certain properties of an object remain constant, even if the object is divided into small pieces. |
conservation |
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In __________ of the world's societies, mothers typically breast-feed for at least 2 years. |
70 percent |
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It is estimated that babies in Japan and other industrialized nations are held or touched __________ of the day. |
12‒20 percent |
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In psychology, being able to isolate a part of a situation from a whole is known as __________. |
field independence |
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Why do anthropologists question results given by cross-cultural psychologists that indicate psychological development is delayed in many non-Western societies? |
The tests used are developed in the West using testing materials often unfamiliar to other cultures. |
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In the Applied Anthropology example, how did Chinese and American preschools instill cultural value lessons in the children? |
The Chinese preschool emphasized group activities, while the American preschool emphasized individualized activities.
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Cross-culturally, how do pastoralists compare with farmers in terms of adult behavior? |
Pastoralists are more likely than farmers to express aggression. |
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In science, investigators achieve what two kinds of explanations? |
associations and theories |
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The method of __________ shows that a theory seems to be wrong. |
falsification |
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Darwin and Wallace proposed this theory in 1858. |
the theory of natural selection |
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Which of these fields focuses on the relationship between a culture and its environment? |
cultural ecology |
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How a researcher describes the procedure that will be followed to measure a variable is __________. |
he operational definition |
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participant-observation refers to the __________.
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practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society
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