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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why does religion persist?
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-transmitted through enculturation
-creates and maintains group identity -psychological benefits |
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Totemism
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symbolic association with an object through stipulated descent
-functions to create a common identity |
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Mana
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sacred, impersonal force residing in people animals, plants, or objects
-associated with luck or fortune |
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Magic
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supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims
-most prevalent in situations of chance and uncertainty -reduces stress, creates illusion of control when little control exists |
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Taboos
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strong social prohibition against words, objects, actions, etc
-breaking a taboo is considered objectionable or abhorrent |
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Rituals
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stylized and repetitive
performed in sacred places at set times transmit enduring cultural messages |
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Rites of passage
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rituals associated with transition from one place or stage of life to another
-change in social status -help create and maintain group identity |
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Witchcraft
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-nearly universal
-become socially important during times of crisis -accusations more common during times of stress and social upheaval |
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Witchcraft Explains Unfortunate Events (Evans-Pritchard)
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-British colonialists opinion that beliefs in witchcraft and other superstitious evidence for primitive people being inferior
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proximate vs. ultimate cause
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proximate: an event which is immediately responsible for causing an observed result
ultimate: the real reason something occured - witchcraft in this context |
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Feminine Power at Sea (Rodgers)
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Linguistic analysis of maritime culture (naming of ships)
- sailors view the ship as a living, feminine, and anthropomorphic being +: ship anthropomorphized as woman, christening performed by woman -: taboos against women on board or in shipyard |
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Baseball Magic (Gmelch)
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-rituals are comforting, bring sense of order, help with concentration
-breaking baseball taboos lead to misfortune and curses -magic rituals associated with acts of uncertainty more commonly |
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Liminality
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"betwixt and between" social statuses
cut off from normal social life |
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Communitas
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collective liminality. Intense feeling of social solidarity among initiates
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Incorporation
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re-integrated into society with a new status
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Achieved vs. Ascribed status
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ascribed: automatic, a status that you have little to no control over
achieved: status that come through choices, actions, accomplishments |
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Social stratification
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hierarchical ranking of individuals and groups in any given society
- inequality patterned in such a way that people of one group tend to get more rewards of have higher status than others -transmitted through enculturation |
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Race
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any of the groups into which humans can be divided according to their physical characteristics
- ascribed status |
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Ethnic Group
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a group of people distinguished by cultural similarities and differences; share beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms
-ascribed status |
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Hypodescent
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the principle that a child of mixed descent is automatically classified as minority
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Anthropometry
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measurement of the human body to understanding human physical variation
- determining groups by anthropometric measures no longer make logical sense |
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Racial Odyssey (Rensberger)
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Humans have many differences besides skin color, hair texture, facial features
- evolutionary success attributable to genetic variability - skin color is not unique to a single group - "hybrid vigor" is key to evolutionary success |
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"Mixed Race" problem (Aspinall)
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"mixed race" has negative connotations
however, term generally understood and deployed in everyday usage |
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Under the Shadow of Tuskagee (Gamble)
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Tuskagee: infamous biomedical research study in which control group was left untreated, uninformed of their condition
- primarily poor blacks = "medical racism" - legacy of racism in medicine, blacks do not trust medical and public health system |
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The Bell Curve Phenomenon (Cohen)
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intelligence is genetically determined, races differ in intelligence
- explores idea that IQ is a cause of poverty, class, status, criminality -those who design standardized tests fail to see how their questions are culturally biased |
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Race and eugenics
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eugenics: the study and practice of selective breeding in order to improve the quality of the human species --> prevent certain members from reproducing
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Different interpretations of racial differences
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- low IQ and other inherited traits are why blacks are poor, live in crime ridden neighborhoods, have high rate of incarceration, high illegitimacy rate, etc.
- legacy of racism and discrimination are why blacks are poor.... |
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Linguistic Profiling (Baugh)
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- linguistic patterns vary by ethnic group
- people judge intelligence based on linguistic patterns - people treat others according to judgments made on the basis of linguistic patterns - call screening expt. |
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Nationalism
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stresses the solidarity of the nation state, regardless of socio-economic class, rural-urban, regional, or ethnic distinctions
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Nationality
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ethnic groups that one had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status
-considered threats to national unity by leaders of nation states |
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Nation-states
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independent, centrally organized political unit, or government
-political boundaries do not correlate with ethnic boundaries; most are ethnically diverse |
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Assimilation (forced, coerced, encouraged)
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the process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a separate cultural unit
-forced: by law enforcement -coerced: social enforcement -encouraged: ex becoming a US citizen |
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Multiculturalism
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individuals socialized into dominant culture as well as their original culture
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Acculturation
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the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into cts firsthand contact - remain distinct
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Bicultural Conflict (Sung)
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Chinese immigrants - home vs. school
parents and teachers ascribe other meanings or motives to child's behavior child forced to choose |
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American vs. Chinese cultural differences (aggressiveness, sexuality, sports, education, thrift)
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aggressiveness: A glorifies, C bottom of social order
sexuality: A dating is a big part of adolescence, C discourage their children from dating sports: A emphasis on competition, C emphasis on developing intellect education: A being smart is devalued, C education is highest virtue Thrift: A children have spending money, C save money for future, no spending money |
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Playing Indian at Halftime (Pewawardy)
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stereotypical images of Indians as school mascots
-must take a cultural relativist lens (both sides) |
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cultural imperialism
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the spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other societies, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys - usually because of differential economic or political influence
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globalization
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the accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems - network
- anthropology is changing its focus to the impact of globalization on local communities, rather than studying groups as isolates |
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Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
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Core - the most powerful nations who dominate international economy
Semi Periphery - less power, wealth, and influence, yet possess resources necessary for core Periphery - less tech advanced, places where raw products are produced, labor is cheap, exploited by core |
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Third world vs. First world
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3rd: underdevelopoed or developing (periphery)
1st: developed (core) |
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Nalini by Day, Nancy by Night
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phone centers in India for the US
-globalization of labor, key to success is sounding American -health and social consequences -cultural imperialism? |
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Marx vs. Weber
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M: class consciousness as key concept
W: identity based on ethnicity, religion, nationality, etc., can be more important than class |
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Broccoli and Desire (Benson and Fischer)
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compares broccoli production in small Mayan farms to image/consumption in America
- small farmers are trying to become part of global economy, though Americans romanticize them as small business owners -desire enmeshes people in complex econ networks -can lead to exploitation and unjust working conditions -exists at both sides of production and consumption |
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How Sushi Went Global (Bestor)
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sushi changed from strange foreign item to upscale fare
- now serves as a marker of economic standing and worldliness - example of acculturation - globalization does NOT equal Westernization |
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Cocaine and Economic Deterioration in Bolivia (Weatherford)
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demands of the world market for cocaine have eroded local subsistence economies for centuries
-bad for health, more land is used for coca production than for food, rural poverty gets worse -indulgent behavior in America leads to changed lives in Bolivia |
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Intervention philosophy
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an ideological justification to guide native peoples in specific directions
- first world directing 3rd world to development |
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Anthropology's changing objectives
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before - role is to understand and describe other societies
after - anthropologists have the skills and knowledge to help solve problems |
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academic vs. applied dimension
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academic: critiquing assumptions and discourses of development
applied: working with local people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive projects |
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Kottak's suggestions for development
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avoid over-innovation
avoid under-differentiation |
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Invisible Colour (Loftsdottir)
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- continuous depictions of "third world" peoples as impoverished and helpless
- continuous portrayal of whites as saviors |
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The Price of Progress (Bodley)
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- benefits of progress for indigenous peoples are often illusory and detrimental
- progress pushed on people as way of getting at their resources |
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diseases of development
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work and dietary changes, disrupting environmental balance, over population/urbanization/crowding
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The Ugly American Revisited (James Brain)
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"Ugly American" is a humble engineer who lives and works with villagers to develop low tech solution
-efforts undermined by state dept officials that are ignorant, arrogant, and ethnocentric |
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The Anti-Politics Machine (Ferguson)
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"development" as a machine for reinforcing and expanding state bureaucratic power
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Sol Tax's Fox Project
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Native American settlement, turn toward proactive "action anthro"
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Allan Holmberg's Vicos Project
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Peruvian Andes
Goal: reduce socioeconomic stratification, integrate indigienous population into market economy |
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Of Worms and Other Parasites (Dettwyler)`
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-ethnographic research done in Mali about schistosomiasis
-children were getting this so frequently that it became part of the culture and was simply a part of life for Malian people -Dettwyler used CDA to establish local conceptions of under vs. well-nourished |
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Mediating the Forest-Farmer Relationship (Dove)
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farmers - conflict with shift from state to private lands
- developers wrongly assumed farmers knew nothing about cultivating trees and only talked to leaders anthopologists' insights: -study all dimensions, listen to people and know what they do, communicate that knowledge to those who have the power to implement dev. projects |
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Critical Reflections (Wallace)
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show how anthropological insights can be used to adapt projects in an ongoing manner
- most people in development emphasize success and downplay failures - identifying and understanding the errors in application and the errors in assessment were fundamenly success |
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Medical anthropology
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applies the tools of anthro (holistic approach, participant observation, focus on culture) to study human illness, suffering, disease, and well-being
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Cultural Adaptations to Endemic Malaria (Brown)
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geographic distribution - more prevalent in rural areas and lowlands
social distribution - infants and children more at risk, men more than women, rural workers more than urban men occupy the public domain, more exposed to mosquitos population unit of analysis |
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Life and Death of a Street Boy (Lockhart)
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focus on stories people tell about illness
Tanzania allows author to analyze how structural and everyday violence shapes people's lives, interplay between political econ forces and indiv. agency, the enviro risk that shapes peoples perception of certain illnesses |
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Rethinking the Biological Clock (Friese)
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study of biomedicine
- new reproductive technologies influence how we view the life course extend reproductive years |
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Ethnographic Photography (Harper)
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Photography has multiple uses within the context of ethnographic research and analysis
- descriptive (confirming/enhancing textual descriptions, documenting changes) - analytical (creating a dialogue around meanings, presenting arugments made in text) -strategic (establishing authority of author, reliability of account) |
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Advertising and Global Culture (Janus)
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study of a transnational culture (culture that is not bound to a single locality)
advertising as a means for creating or disseminating tn culture goal: get everyone to think and act like good consumers create the image of need while also spreading western goods and values hypothesis: "tn advertising is one of the major reasons both for the spread of tn culture and the breakdown of traditional cultures" |
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Intruders in Sacred Space - Going Native (Einhoven)
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naive view of anthro: finding the most primitive and isolate tribes who have little/no contact with outsiders - ethnocentrism
anthropologists stive to make others seem less exotic, the media strive to make them more exotic - anthropologists have failed to popularize ethnographic knowledge |
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Music as resistance
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resisting and challenging the authority of colonial and contemporary regimes
- USA: blues as a hidden transcript against legacies of slavery, "weapon of the weak" -but eventually went mainstream so no longer a hidden transcript |
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Music and symbolic capital
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listening to certain types of music can result in social benefits. in specific contexts some forms of music have higher symbolic capital than others
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Japanese Hip-Hop (Condry)
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article examines japanese hip hop as a consequence of globalization
- does the global consumption of popular culture erode cultural differences? - or do people localize global cultural products to fit within their existing social worlds |