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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
describe the capsule that covers the testes
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surrounded by tunica albuginea (capsule of dense CT), inner surface of TA consists of tunica vasculosa (highly vascular loose CT), the TA thickens posteriorly forming the mediastinum testis, a network for sperm transport, BV's and LVs
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what type of cells line the seminiferous tubules
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seminiferous (germinal) epithelium, contains spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells
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what are the three phases of spermatogenesis
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1. Spermatocytogenesis-spermatogonia divide by mitosis and maintain a stem cell population 2. Meiosis-spermatocyte =>spermatid 3. Spermiogenesis-spermatid=>mature sperm
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describe the structure of mature sperm
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head w/ acrosome, tail w/ neck, middle piece, principal piece, and end piece
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describe the seminiferous epithelium cycle
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16 days, six distinctly observable associations of germinal cells within the epithelium, occur in spiral like arrangement along the Seminiferous tbule "wave", four cycles are needed to form a mature sperm
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What is the function of sertoli cells
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somatic cells that line the seminiferous epithelium, they secrete tubular fluid, provide support for the germinal cells, degrade unreleased sperm, secrete proteins, blood-testis barrier, mediate relesae of sperm
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What constitutes the blood-testis barrier
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tight junctions between sertoli cells, creates a basal compartment with the spermatogonia and an adluminal compartment containing germinal cells. It isolates the immunologically distinct germ cells and allows luminal fluid to differ in composition from the interstitial fluid. the barrier forms before or during puberty
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what is the function of interstitial (Leydig) cells
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secrete testosterone (note characteristics of steroid secreting cell such as abudant sER, mitochondria w/ tubulovesicular cristate, and lipid droplets
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What is the action of FSH con the testes
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supports the maturation of sertoli (supporitng) and leydig (testosterone secreting) cells, maintains spermatogenesis
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what is the function of LH on the testes
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simulates the synthesis and release of testosterone by the interstitial (leydig) cellls
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What is the function of testosterone in the male
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maintains spermatogenesis, duct morphology and function, accessory gland structuion and function, secondary characteristics, also releases inhibi B to modulate FSH release
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describe the structure and function of the intratesticular duct system
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1. straight tubules=distal end of seminiferous tubules, epithelium=Seroli (supporitve) cells, empty into 2. Rete testis-epithelial lined spaces within the mediastinum testis,simple cuboidal+cilium, trabeculae w/ smooth muscle cells
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Describe the structure and function of the ductus epididymis
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium, principal cells have branced stereocilia, even, spherical lumen, tall cells have coated vesicles, apical lysosomes, rER, and basal golgi. Tubular flud is reabsored, residual bodies are phagocytosed, and glycoprotiens are added to the sperm membrane glycocalyx, smooth muslce layers increase in thickness
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In which part of the male duct system is tubular fluid reabsorbed, residual bodies pgocytosed, and glycoproteins added to the sperm membrane
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ductus epididymus
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describe the structure of the vas deferens
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium, tall cells have microvilli,3 layers of SM, expands to form amuplla of the ductus w/ simple columnar epithelium
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What type of epithelium lines the ejaculatory duct? What gland is it near?
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lined with simple columnar (contrast to the pseudostratified columnar of the vas deferens and semincal vesicle. It is within the prostate gland
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What are the three parts of the male urethra? What type of epithelium lines them?
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1. prostatic-transitional epithelium 2. Membranous-stratified or pseudostratified columnar 3. Penile-stratified/pseudostratified columnar, distal end is expanded forming the navicular fossa lined with noncornified stratified squamosu
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Describe the structure of the seminal vesicle. What are its products
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coiled tuble w/ hihgly foleded mucosa lined with pseudostratified/simple columnar epithelium +stroma/capuslue w/ fibroelastic CT. Wall contains SM, products include Zn, proteolytic enzymes, PSA. Joins vas deferens at the ampulla of the ductus to for the ejaculatory duct (simple columnar)
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Describe the structure (zones) of the prostate gland
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1. transitional-mucosal glands, surrounds the urethra 2. central-sucmucosal glands, surround the ejaculatory duct 3. Peripheral-main glands, Note also abundant SM in stroma
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Descirbe BPH
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hypertrophy of stroma and glands in the transitional (surronding the urethra) zone, common in men over 40 and 80% of men over 80 (hint Transition to odl age)
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Which zone of the prostate is affected by carcinoma
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peripheral zone (main glands, hint: Proliferation Problem in the Peripheral Prostate)
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What is the function of bulbourethral glands
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pea sized branched tubuloalveolar mucous glands w/ fibrous CT capusle, mucus contains sugars and glycosaminoglycans= viscous and slippery
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describe the composition of semen
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2-5ml, 40-400 million sperm=1%, preseminal fluid (bulbourethral and urethral gland secretions), prostate secretions, sperm, seminal vesicle secretions
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What are the 3 fractiosn that compose ejaculate
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1. prostate secretiosn and some sperm 2. most of sperm (40-400million) 3. seminal vesicle secretions
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describe the general structure of the penis
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three erectile bodies (2 dorsal cavernosa, 2 ventral spongiosum) bounded by fibroelastic tunica albuginea, erectile bodies are surrounded by a layer of deep fasica w/ thin skin and little subcu fat, SM located beneath subcu tissue
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Describe the structure of the erectile tissue of the penis
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erectile tissue contains vascular spaces lined with endothelium that are separated by fibroelastic trabecula which contain SM. A central artery is located in each corpus cavernosum w/ branches-Helicine arteries-that suppy the vascular spaces and dilate as a result of parasympathetic nerve stimulation
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Erection is a neurovascular response. describe the pathways invovled
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Initiated by somatic afferent or CNS simualtion that triggers parasympathetic stimulation which relaxes the smooth msulce in the wall of the helicine arteries allowing blood to flow into the vascular spaces. The SM relaxation is meated by Ach stimulated release of NO and prostaglandin E2. NO elevates cGMP which allows for relaxation. Ejaculation is under the influence of sypathetic impulses (point and shoot)
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How is flaccidity achived
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phsophodiesterase-5 depletes the cGMP allowing SM contraction (cGMP was elevated inresponse to NO which was released in response to PNS mediated Ach)
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ED drugs like viagra, levitra, and cialis by inhibiting phsophodiesterase-5. how does this help maintain an erection
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pohsphodiesterase-5 breaks down the cGMP that is necessary to cause SM relaxation and dilation of the heliine arteries. Inhibiton of PDE-5 keeps cGMP high which keeps the SM relaxed
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Describe the pathway for sperm release
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Seminiferous tubule (straight, rete, efferent)=>Epididymis=>Vas Deferns=>ejaculatory duct=>Urethra=>Penis (Hint SEVEn UP)
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what are the major events in spermatocytogenesis
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1. Spermatocytogenesis-spermatogonial stem cells make clones-spermatogonia (mitosis)=>primary spermatocyte 2 .Meiosis-each primary spermatote proceeds through meiosis to form 4 spermatids 3. Spermiogenesis-modifications transform spermatids into spermatozoa
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what is the role of the myoid cell/ myofibroblasts
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the wall of the seminiferous tubule consists of the seminiferous epithelium (spermatogenic and sertoli cells), basement membrane, and tunica propria. The tunica propria contains layers of myoid cells which have SM characteristics. Rhythmic contractions of these cells help move the imobile spermatozoa through the tubules
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The blood-testis barrier divides the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments, the adluminal and basal. Which processes of sperm maturation occur in which compartment?
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adluminal-later stages, meiosis and spermiogenesis (spermatid to spermatozoa add acrosome, flagella, compact nucleus); basal-spermatocytogenesis-stem cells=>spermatogonia=>1 spermatocytes (hint makes sense, more mature= closer to lumen= closer to exit)
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what are the two main funcitons of the blood-testis barrie
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1. allows distinct fluid composition of seminiferous tubule vs. interstitial 2. protects haploid germ cells from immune system
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interstitial cells have receptors for ____ which sitmulate the to make____
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LH, testosterone
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which male orgns woudl be affected by castration
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ducts, glands and testis are dependent on testosterone/ derivaties to maintain structure and fxn. Inclues testes and intratesticular ducts, efferent ductures, vas deferns, seminial vesicle, prostate glands, possiblbulbourehral glands
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Describe the pattern of testosterone levels throughout the day during puberty
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bursts of GnRH and FSH/LH are integrated in the testis to give a continous supply of testosterone in the blood and testis, biphasic 24 hour patter but appears tonic when samples longitudinally
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sterocilia are a unique feature of which components of the male duct system
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epididymis and vas deferens
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how does the epithelium of the male duct system change from prox to distal
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only sertoli (straight)=>simple/low columnar (rete)=>PseduoStrat columnar w/ cilia (effernt ductules)=>PseudoStrat w/ sterocilia (epididymis and vas deferens)=> simple columnar (ejaculatory)=>transitional (prostatic urethra)=>Pseudostrat columnar (membranous and penile)=>noncornified stratified squamous (navicular fossa)
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Which duct component is the transition from intratesticular to extra
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effernt ductules
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what affect on sperm does each component of the male duct system have
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straight, rete, efferent, and ejaculatory have no effect. Sperm mature, gain motility in the epididymis. Sperm are stored at the base of the epididymis and the inferior part of the vas deferens
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where do sperm become mature and motile
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epididymis and vas deferens
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what is a prostatic conventration
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irregularly shpaed, acidophilicbody in the lumen of the prostate gland, crystallized accumulation of prostate secretion
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the majority of the volumne of ejaculate comes from
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seminial vesicles (fructose, semenogelin, prostaglandins, ascorbic acid, liochorme pigment)
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