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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter
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Everything that has volume and mass; Made up of atoms or molecules.
1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas 4. Plasma |
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Temperature
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Measure of the average kinetic energy, or vibration, of the particles of a material.
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Boiling Point of Water
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100 degrees C
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Freezing Point
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0 degrees C
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Physical Properties
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Color, density, hardness, and conductivity.
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Atoms
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Protons and neutrons found inside the nucleus. Electrons are found in the outer portion of an atom.
Most atoms have equal numbers of protons ad electrons, therefore no net charge. |
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Ions
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Charged atoms. (atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons have net positive or negative charges
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Atomic Mass
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Number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Helium has 2 protons and 2 neutrons giving it an atomic mass of 4
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Element
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Material made of just on type of atom. (C, Na); assigned an atomic number equal to the number of protons in an atom of that element; Classified into groups, periods, and families
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Molecules
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Two or more atoms.
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The Periodic Table
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Listing of all the elements in order according to their atomic number; Elements are grouped vertically according to chemical properties; A reference tool used to summarize the atomic structure, mass, and reactive tendencies of elements.
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Compounds
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Two or more elements May be represented by using atomic symbols and numbers. Numbers show how many atoms of each type are in the molecule. H20 shows that a molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom..
**Formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements with a fixed ratio. |
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Organic
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Chemical compounds containing carbon.
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Inorganic
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Chemical compounds without carbon.
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Mixtures
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Materials made of two or more compounds or elements; can be separated by physical means-evaporation or sifting.
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Liquid/Gas Mixtures
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Suspensions, colloids, or solutions.
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Suspensions
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Particles that settle out unless the mixture is stirred (dust in the air is a suspension)
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Colloids
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Particles large enough to scatter light, but small enough to remain suspended without stirring (Milk)
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Solutions
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Particles small that they do not scatter light. They are transparent to light and do not settle.
Salt in sea water, air, rubbing alcohol. |
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Base/water Solutions
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1. Conducting Electrically
2. Change red litmus paper to blue. 3. Reacts with acid solutions to form a neutralizing salt 4. Feeling slippery with strong solutions caustic to the skin. (Baking soda and Lime) pH 7-14; alkeline and have hydroxide ions. |
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Acid/Water Solution
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1. Conducting electrically
2. Reacting strongly with metals 3. Changing blue litmus to pink 4. Reacting with base solutions to forma neutralizing salt. pH 0-7 and have hydrogen ions present. Lemmon juice, vinegar, battery acid. Corrosive and taste sour |
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Chemical Reaction
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Compounds breaking apart, combine, or recombine to form new compounds.
1. Synthesis 2. Decompostion 3. Single Replacement 4. Double Replacement Think of alca seltzer tablets being dropped in water. |
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Synthesis
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Two or more chemicals combine to form a new chemical.
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Decomposition
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One chemical breaks down to release two or more chemicals.
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Single Replacement
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A compound decomposing and one of its constituent chemicals joining another chemical to make a new compound.
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Double Replacement
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Two compounds decompose and their constituents recombine to form two new compounds.
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Speed
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The time-rate of displacement.
Speed= Distance/time V=d/t |
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Velocity
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Speed in a given direction. The rateof change with postiion with time.
v=d/t |
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Acceleration
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Rate that applies to decreasing speed as well as an increasing speed;
The rate of change with velocity with time. Applies to the change of direction. The amount of acceleration is directly proportional to the acting force and inversely proportional to mass. A= change of velocity/time A=f/m: Newton's second law of motion |
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Momentum
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Tendency of an object to continue in its direction of motion.
momentum = mass x speed |
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Energy
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The ability to do work. heat, light, sound, chemical, magnetic, solar, electrical, solar radiation.
Hairy Long Spiders can Make sparkly energetic shirts. |
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Potential Energy
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Stored through a chemical structure, position, or physical configuration.
Rock at rest |
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy of motion. Light, sound, and heat. Energy can be transformed, but it never is created or destroyed.
Rock in motion. |
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Work
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Exerting a force on an object over a distance.
Work= force X distance |
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Heat
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Travels through three paths: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Conduction
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Occurs when hot material comes in contact with a cold one. Heat moves from a hot material into a cold material until the temperature of both is equal.
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Convection
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Density change caused by heating. Warm air (less dense) rises, cools down (more dense) and sinks.
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Radiation
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Heat that spreads out from a very hot source into the surrounding material; carried by electromagnetic waves; travels in straight lines in all directions from its source
Radiant heat: wood stoves and light bulbs in homes |
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Conductors
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Materials which transmit heat well. Metals
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Mass
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The measure of the amount of matter in an object/chemical substance.
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Power
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Work done per unit time.
Power=work done/time interval. Measured in watts. |
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Simple Machines
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1. Inclined Plane (Ramp)
2. Screw (Cork screw, threads on bolts.) 3. Lever (seesaw, automobile jack) 4. Wheel and axle (Door Knob, bicycle) 5. Pulley (Fan belt) |
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Waves
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Characterized by wavelength, speed, and frequency. Either transverse or longitudinal.
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Transverse Waves
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The wave disturbance (amplitude) is perpendicular to the direction of propagation; When a rock is tossed into a still pond; Light or electromagnetic radiation is also a transverse wave. Always moving up and down.
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Longitudinal Waves
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Disturbances are parallel to the direction of propagation. Sound is a longitudinal wave. These waves are always moving left to right.
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Efficiency
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%efficiency= work done/energy used x 100
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Wavelength
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The distance between crests or troughs of waves.
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Frequency
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The number of crests or troughs that move past a point per second. Measured in (Hz)
Frequency = speed/wavelength. |
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Sound
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Caused by a vibration of objects; vibration of objects creates waves of disturbance that can travel through air and most other materials. If the sound waves hit your ear drum-you hear sound.
1. Pitch 2. Loudness 3. Intensity 4. Speed |
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Pitch
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Related to frequency. High pitches have high frequencies.
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Loudness
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Related to wave amplitude. Loud sounds have big amplitudes.
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Sound Intensity
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Measured in decibels. Related to amplitude and frequency of sound waves. Loud, high-pitched music has a much greater intensity than quiet low-pitched music.
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Speed of Sound
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Related to their medium. Sound travels more quickly through more dense materials (solids, liquids) than less dense materials (gases). Sound does travel through a vacuum.
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Light/Types of light
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Type of electromagnetic wave.
Radio, Micro, Infrared light visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, gamma rays (listed from low frequency/long wavelength to high frequency/ short wavelength.) Rocky Mt. Inchworms use x-ray glasses Travels more quickly than sound (300,000 km/sec); pass through a vacuum. Moving from on material to another, light can be transmitted, absorbed, reflected, or refracted. |
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Reflected Rays
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Light rays going out of a mirror.
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Transmission
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Allows light to pass directly through it. Water, glass.
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Absorbed Light
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Opaque objects absorb light -wood.
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REFRACTION
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Bending of light-light moving from one material to another air to water. Mirages are a form of refracted light.
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Rainbow
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Spectrum caused when light passes from dry air into very humid air.
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Protons
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Positively charged particles in an atom.
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Electrons
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Negatively charged particles (part of the atom) They are loosely attached to atoms and may leave one atom to join another.
May not be destroyed; may flow through certain materials. The flow of electrons produce and electrical current. |
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Conductors
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materials that let electrons flow freely (metal, water).
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Insulators
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Materials that do not let electrons flow freely (glass, rubber, air).
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Electricity
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Flows from areas of high electrons to areas of few electrons. Form of energy that can be used to produce sound, light and heat power; exists where the number of electrons does not precisely equal the number of positive protons.
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Circuit
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The path along which electrons flow.
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Direct Current Circuit
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DC-electrons flow in one direction only.
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Alternating current
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AC-Type of current supplied over power lines; changes direction many times per second
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Series Circuit
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made of a single pathway, through which all current must flow-Christmas tree lights-one light goes out, all lights go out because current is disrupted for the entire string.
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Parallel circuits
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Provide ;more than one pathway for current to flow. If one of the pathwats is opened, so that current cannot flow in it, the current will continue to move through the other paths. Most circuits that are in our paths are wired in parallel.
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Fuses
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Safety devices that limit the current flow in a circuit; work by passing current through a thin metal ribbon; when current exceeds the capacity of the fuse, the metal ribbon melts, leaving an open circuit which a=cannot carry current.
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Circuit Breakers
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Safety device; Use magnets and bimetallic strips to open circuits if current becomes too great; can be reused again.
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Volts
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Measure work done as electrons move from one point to another within a circuit.
Volts = amperes x ohmes |
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Amperes
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Measure the current of flow of charge, through a circuit.
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Ohms
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Measure the resistance to flow of electrons.
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Watts
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Measure electrical power of consumption;
One watt= one joule per second of power (one newton-meter per second) One watt of energy can lift an object weighing one newton over one meter in a second. |
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Kilowatt-hour
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The amount of energy used in one hour by one kilowatt of power.
Power = current x voltage, or 1 watt = 1 ampere x 1 volt |
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Magnet
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Solids that attract iron, steel, nickel, and cobalt; all magnets have a north and south pole.
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Iodestones
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Naturally occurring magnets.
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Magnetic Forces
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Created in regions in magnets called magnetic poles.
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Magnetic Poles
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North and South Poles; North repels north pole of another magnetic (same for south poles0 But south will attract north pole.
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Magnetic Field
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Area affected by magnetic force surrounds both poles of a magnet; can be created by an electric current.
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Electromagnets
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Create large magnetic fields with electric current
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Density
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Density= mass/volume
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Scratch Hardness
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Properties of matter in the solid phase that give it a high resistance to its shape changing when force is applied.
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Scratch Hardness
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Resistance to fracture or plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object.
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Indentation Hardness
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Resistance to plastic deformation due to constant load from a sharp object
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Rebound Hardness
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Height of the bounce of an object dropped on the material, related to elsticity.
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Mohs' Scale
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Rates minerals and puts them on a scale from 1 to 10. 1 is the softest, 10 is the hardest.
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Physical Changes
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DO NOT INVOLVE one substance changing into another. Water can change from a gas to liquid to a solid, but water molecules do not change.
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Chemical changes
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Occurs when a substance is changed into something else; occurs whenever compounds are formed or decomposed-rearrangment of atoms that makes or breaks the bond-not reversible. (formation of rust-iron interacts with air and is unable to change back to iron.
Changes from one substance into a different substance. |
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pH
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Measure of acidity in a solution.
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Litmus
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Water -soluable mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens. Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions. Red litmus paper turns blue under alkaline conditions
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Kilo
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A unit 1000 x's
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Milli
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Denotes a unit 1/1000 of the basic unti.
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Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
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A body at rest will remain at rest, while a body moving in a straight line will continue to move in a straight line with uniform speed.
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Newton's second Law of Motion
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The acceleration of an object is proportional to the force applied-the more force, the more acceleration.
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Newton's Third Law of Motion
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Every action (applied) there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Reaction: Balloon goes up. Action: Air rushed down. |
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Gravitation
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A natural phenomenon by which objects with mass attract one another; accounts for the the earth, the sun; it is responsible for keeping the earth and the other planets in their orbits around the sun, for keeping the moon in its orbits around the earth; for the formation of tides
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Simple Machine
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Mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of force-there is a mechanical advantage resulting in less force applied over a greater distance
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Lever
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A rigid object that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot point to multiply the mechanical force that can be applied to another object. wheelbarrow, scissors
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Pulley
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Used to change direction of an applied force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a mechanical advantage in either a linear or rotational system of motion.
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Inclined Plan
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The amount of force required reduced at the expense of increasing the distance the object must travel.
The mechanical advantage is the ratio of the length of the sloped surface to the height it spans. |
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Screw
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All screws are inclined planes-it can convert a rotational force to a linear force.
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Static Electricity
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Electrical Charges buildup or increase on the surface of a material-electrical outlets.
On dry winter days, static electricity can build up in our bodies and cause a spark to jump from our bodies to pieces of metal or other people's bodies. |
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Nuclear Fission
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Releases energy when a heavy nucleus splits into smaller fragments-Used in power plants and atomic bombs.
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Nuclear Fusion
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Yields energy when very light nuclei untie to a heavier nucleus. Stars derive their energy from nuclear fusion.
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Celsius
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c=5/9(F-32)
0 degrees is freezing and 100 degrees is boiling point. |
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Fahrenheit
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F=9/5c + 32
32 degrees=freezing 212 = boiling point |
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Reflection
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Occurs when light travels in straight lines; The change in direction of a wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns to the medium from which it originated.
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Law of Reflection
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Smooth surfaces, the angle at which light is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected.
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Charles Law
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If the pressure of a gas remains constant, the volume of the gas will increase as the temperature increases.
Thus if the temperature increases, the gas takes up more space. If the temperature decreases, the gas takes up less space. |