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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Brain and Nervous System Structure
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structures that allow for the understanding and language production of speech and language
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Speech production system
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controlled by the brain and nervous system- allows for the actual sounds to be produced and articulated
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Neuron
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10 billion plus- these are basic units that transmits information from one part of the nervous system to another
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Dendrites
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the branches- Alzheimer's degenative brain disease where language and memories deteriorate in the brain- when someone has this disease, the center of the neuron gets tangled so the information cant be communicated and a sticky protein substance blocks the transmission from one neuron to the next
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Afferent Neurons
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transmits information into the system- sensory, sensory means input (comprehension, receptive language, etc..)
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Efferent Neurons
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motor- transmits information for structures to move
think E- for effort -- motor neuron allows you to move, takes info away from the system |
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Glial cells
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at one time were thought to be brain junk/packing material
- take up to 75% of the brain cells ( - help control and turn on and off the other neuron - helps chemicals to go from one cell to another - the genetic code for Alzheimers and austism |
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Synapses
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the only way in which one neuron communicates with another- goes from the end branch of one axon to another- a function of electirical activity and chemicals that act as neurotransmititers
- electrochemical response |
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Parkinson's Disease
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chemical problem which afffects communication and movement. caused by reduction in dopamine which inhibits movement and smooth motor movement)
a seizure is an abnormal electrical activity in the brain an electrochemical balance is important |
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Cerebrum
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there are four lobes: frontal, parietal; temporal; occipital
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Frontal Lobe
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motor planning and execution
- important for thought processes, coming up with what to say- sends signals to the mouth to produce sounds Alcohol impacts your judgement and impulsivity- depresses the ability of the neurons to communicate together |
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Temporal Lobe
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auditory processing, after your ear hears sound, cranial nerve takes the sound to the brain & interprets it -- Wernicke's area
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Wernicke's Area
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named after Dr. Carl Wernicke; German neurologist who discovered a lot of people with that area damaged; comprehension – where strokes can occur
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corpus collosum
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connecting pathways that go from one hemisphere to the next
o 8-12% of the population is left handed o 6-8% of left handed people are right-hemisphere dominant for language o For everything to work, the two hemisphere must communicate with each others |
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Basal Ganglia
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regulates oral motor movement
not on the cortical (cortex/ outer) surface subcortical structures- below the level of the cortex needs dopamine to smooth movement |
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Thalamus
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channels sensorimotor information to thhe cortex: refly center for motor information coming down and sensory coming up
2 way road: takes sensory info to the brain and channels away from the cortex |
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Brain Stem
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provides the communicative and structural link between the brain and the spinal cord, comes out of the back and the brain, continuing part of the motor pathway
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midbrain
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contains structure that help to regulate movement and produces chemicals that help to regulate movement
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pons
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relay stations that carries signals from various parts of the cerebral cortex, also helps to regulate breathing
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medulla
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contains CN nuclei and regulates respiration, phonation, heart beat and blood pressure, contains cranial nerves
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Cerebellum
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coordination of fine motor movement, when you drink alcohol you slut your speech
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Spinal Cord
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31 pairs of spinal nerves; contains both sensory and motor fibers
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peripheral nervous system
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nerves that extend from the central nervous system are divided up into highly specialized functions- here are four keys ones for speech and language
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Cranial nerves
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always start and end in the brain stem
referred to as roman numerals |
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V
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trigeminal nerve- important for the face and moving jaw
helps with sensory movement- moving lips, mouth |
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VII
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facial, important for the tongue, face, lips, kind of similar to the trigeminal: both important for articulation
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VIII
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Auditory (Vestibulocochlear): only need to know “auditory”
- hearing and balance - the sound comes into the ear, the ear has to work to hear the sound, then it goes through the VII cranial nerve to the temporal lobe, which interprets what it means |
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X
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vagus- controls vocal fold movements --- ewww video
the outer surroundng is the larngeal structure and the vocal folds are in the middle - o The vagus nerve winds around the heart and can be damaged during heart surgery, leaving them with a paralyzed vocal cord for a short period of time |
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XII
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Hypoglossal
tongue= gossal helps to control stuff around |
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Boca's Area
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surrounding tissue of the prosterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus are important for the programming movements for speech production
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