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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
May be defined as an organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments. |
Logic |
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Develop a system of methods and principles that we may have as criteria for evaluating the arguments of others and as guides in constructing arguments of our own. |
What does Logic aim to do |
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A group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion) |
Argument |
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Premises do support the conclusion, and premises do not support the conclusion. |
Two basic groups an argument can fall under. |
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The purpose of logic is |
To develop methods and techniques that allow us to distinguish good arguments from bad |
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A sentence that is either true or false. |
Statement |
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Truth and falsity of a statement |
Truth values |
Example: the truth value of "chocolate truffles are loaded with calories" is true, while the truth value of "no wives ever cheat on their husbands" is false. |
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Usually not classified as statements and don't have truth values. |
Questions, proposals, suggestions, commands, or exclamations. |
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The statements in a argument are compiled of one or more premises and exactly one conclusion |
Note |
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Statements that set forth reasons or evidence. |
Premises |
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The statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply |
Conclusion |
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Example of an argument |
All film starts are celebrities (premise). Halle Berry is a film star (premise). Therefore, Halle Berry is a celebrity (conclusion). |
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Conclusions are indicated by the word |
Therefore |
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Conclusion indicators |
Therefore, wherefore, thus, consequently, we may infer, accordingly, we may conclude, it must be that, for this reason, so, entails that, hence, it follows that, implies that, as a result |
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Premise indicators |
Since, as indicated by, because, for, in that, may be inferred from, as, given that, seeing that, for the reasons that, inasmuch as, owing to |
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According to logical principles, the conclusion is always listed after the premises. |
Note |
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When reconstructing arguments... |
Remain as close as possible to the original version. |
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Statements in which the various components are all claimed to be true. |
Compound arrangement |
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Statements that should not be taken as part of the argument. |
Passing comment and introduction to topics. |
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The reasoning process expressed by an argument *Interchangable with "argument" |
Inference |
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The meaning of a statement |
Proposition |
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The Father of Logic |
Aristotle |
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Fundamental elements are term, and arguments are good or bad based on how the terms are arranged. |
Syllogistic Logic |
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Involves concepts such as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt. |
Modal Logic |
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Physician Galen developed theory of the compound categorical syllogism. |
Note |
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Chrysippus develop a logic in which fundamental elements where whole propositions |
Note |
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The first major logician of the middle ages. |
Peter Abelard |
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The first original contributions of logic in the middle ages logic were made by William of Ockham |
Note |
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A higher level of language hsed to discuss linguistic entitled such as words, terms, and propositions. |
Metalanguage |
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What is needed by a passage to contain any argument: |
At least one statement must claim to present evidence (premise), and there must be a claim that something is supported by the evidence (conclusion). |
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Usually asserted by premise or conclusion indicator words (thus, since, because, hence, therefore). |
Explicit Claim |
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Claim that exists if there is an inferential relationship between the statements in the passage, but contains no indicator words. |
Implicit Claim |
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Simple noninferential passages, expository passages, illustrations, explanations, and conditional statements are... |
Kinds of nonarguments |
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Unproblematic passages; lack a claim that anything is being proved. Includes warning, pieces of advice, statements, belief or opinion, loosely associated statements, and reports. |
Simple Noninferential Passages |
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A form of expression that is intended to put someone on guard against a dangerous or detrimental situation. |
Warning |
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A form of expression that makes a recommendation about some future decision or course of conduct. |
Piece of advice |
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An expression about what someone believes or thinks |
Statement of belief (opinion) |
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May be about the general subject, but lack claim that one of then is proved by others. |
Loosely associated statements |
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Consists of a group of statements that convey information about some topic or event. |
Report |
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A kind of disclosure that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence |
Expository Passage |
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An expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done. |
Illustration |
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An expression that purports to shed light on some events or phenomena. |
Explanation |
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The statement that describes the event or phenomena. |
Explanandum |
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The statement or group of statements that purports to be explained. |
Explanans |
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If/then statement; cause and effect. |
Conditional Statement |
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The "if" of a conditional statement |
Antecendent |
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The "then" of a conditional statement |
Consequent |
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A sufficient condition for some state of affairs S is a condition that, if satisfied, guarantees that S obtains. |
For example, a sufficient condition for getting an A in 341 is getting an A on every piece of graded work in the course. This means that if a student gets an A on every piece of graded work in the course, then the student gets an A. |
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A necessary condition for some state of affairs S is a condition that must be satisfied in order for S to obtain. |
For example, a necessary condition for getting an A in 341 is that a student hand in a term paper. This means that if a student does not hand in a term paper, then a student will not get an A, or, equivalently, if a student gets an A, then a student hands in a term paper. |
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