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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Criminology |
theoretical study of crime - forms of criminal behavior, causes and effects of crime, criminality, and the societal reaction to criminal activity |
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Deviance |
Behavior that is outside the range of social norms and society’s expectations |
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Criminology vs. Criminal Justice vs. Deviance |
Criminology: theories of behavior Criminal Justice: applied control of crime Deviance: socially unacceptable, but not necessarily criminal |
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Sumner’s 3 Norms |
Folkways, Mores, Laws |
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Folkways |
-least serious -manners, etiquette, dress style |
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Mores |
-more serious customs that involved moral judgements and punishments -lying, cheating, stealing, killing |
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Laws |
-most serious -modes of control -codified rules of behavior |
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Mala Prohibita |
-acts that are bad because they have been prohibited -not inherently bad (traffics tickets, gambling, etc.) |
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Mala Prohibita |
-acts that are bad because they have been prohibited -not inherently bad (traffics tickets, gambling, etc.) |
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Mala In Se |
-bad behaviors irrespective of political and economic systems -bad in and of themselves (murder, rape, assault) |
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Gemeinschaft |
-simple, homogenous societies -lack an extensive division of labor -control assured by families -don’t need codified law |
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Gesellschaft |
-complex, individualistic, heterogenous societies -secularity, division of labor, variety of moral views -social control formalized by codified law |
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Manifest v. Latent Functions |
Manifest: intended and planned consequences Latent: unanticipated consequences |
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Consensus Model |
-agreement among members of a society as to what constitutes wrongdoing -society agrees with the lawmakers decisions |
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Conflict Model |
-criminal law originates in the conflicting interests of different groups -often reflects the wishes of the most powerful interest groups |
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Emergence of Criminology |
Theological: religion explained and defined crime (Salem Witch Trials) European Roots: Atavism + Phrenology (biological explanations of crime) |
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Two Major Sources of Crime |
Official: collected by government, reported to police Unofficial: non-governmental data collected by private and independent agencies |
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UCR |
Uniform Crime Report -submitted voluntarily by city, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies -focuses on primarily violent crimes (number, rate, demographic correlation, etc) -Bad: only analyzes crimes that have been reported + hierarchy rule |
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NIBRS |
National Incident-Based Reporting System -developed as a response to the aspects the UCR was missing -a more cumbersome reporting system (time, date, place, and circumstances of crime must be submitted) |
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NCVS |
National Crime Victimization Survey -anonymous survey to collect data on the dark figure of crime -self-report |
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Correlates of Crime |
Class Race + Gender |
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White Collar Crime |
-Upper-Class or White-Collar person -Crime is committed during the course of ones occupation -a violation of trust |
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Age + Crime |
-age is the #1 correlate with crime -age-crime curve shows 18-20s most likely to commit a crime -“aging out” is the most consistent crime trend (20s-30s) |
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Gender + Crime |
-more men commit crimes than women -men are arrested more than women |
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Class + Crime |
-relatively weak correlate -poverty and crime is a stereotype perpetuated by society and the media -correlates best on the neighborhood (not individual) level |
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Class + Crime |
-relatively weak correlate -poverty and crime is a stereotype perpetuated by society and the media -correlates best on the neighborhood (not individual) level |
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Ethics |
-Institutional Review Board -to ensure honesty of research while being careful to protect participants |
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Module (Police Brutality) |
-the relationship between US geographical regions and police violence -the relationship between major US cities and violent crime rates, residential segregation, race, and police violence |
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Results of Module |
-increased neighborhood segregation = increased police violence -there is no correlation between violent crime rate and police violence |
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Recent Trends in the Crime Rate |
-the crime rate has been dropping since the 1990s -aging population, decreased alcohol consumption, decreased unemployment, growth in income, increased police + incarceration |
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Types of Data (Crime Correlates) |
-official -self-report |
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US Incarceration Rate |
-highest rate in the world -highest prisoner population in the world (2.2 million) |
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Shift from Rehabilitative Justice to Retribution |
-Martinson “Nothing Works” Doctrine of 1974 (studied rehab program successes) -determinate sentencing |
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Rehabilitative Justice |
Indeterminate Sentencing: judges determined sentences on a case-by-case basis after hearing all relevant circumstances. Dependent on individual judge biases Penal Welfarism: to take care of people while they’re in prison (job skills, education, trade skills, etc.) |
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Determinate Sentencing |
-sentencing based on rigid guidelines specified for each type of crime -punishment given regardless of the crime and the accused’s circumstances |
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Causes of Mass Incarceration |
-Martinson Report, Racial Threat, Economic Threat, Mandatory Minimums, 3-Strikes, War on Drugs, Truth in Sentencing Act (85% of sentence), hotspot policing |
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Consequence of Mass Incarceration |
-disrupts families, repeat offenders, criminal record for minor charges, loss of job opportunities, can’t vote, overcrowded system, prison instead of rehab, reduced funding |
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Theory |
Makes sense of seemingly unrelated data and observations |
