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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The explanation of criminal behavior, as well as behavior of police, attorneys, prosecutors, judges, correctional personnel, victims, and other actors in the criminal justice process is referred to as: |
Criminological Theory
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Which school emphasizes the roles of free will and reasonable punishments? |
Classical School |
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Providing models that permit a better understanding of criminal behavior and enhances the development of strategies is the ultimate goal of: |
Research |
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Some theories assume that crime is a part of human nature and human beings are born evil. In those theories, human nature is examined in relation to: |
Crime |
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An explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation is: |
Hypothesis |
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The use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search of knowledge is called? |
Research |
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Some theories assume that crime is caused by biological factors. Which of the following would apply?
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Chromosome abnormalities
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For Cesare Beccaria, the basis of society, as well as the origin of punishments and the right to punish, is:
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The Social Contract
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A set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events is referred to as:
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Theory
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Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period, or the Age of Reason, a period in history that began in the early 1500s and lasted until the late 1700s? |
Classical Theory
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Which of the following is one of the six ways Cesare Beccaria recommended to prevent crime?
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Educate the public
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Which theorist believed that only justified rationale for laws and punishments is the principle of utility, that is, "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number?"
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Beccaria
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Some theories assume that crime is caused by sociological factors, such as:
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Inadequate socialization
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Something that is taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation.
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Hypothesis
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Some theories assume that crime is caused by economic factors, such as:
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Unemployment
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Who wrote the Essays on Crime and Punishment?
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Cesare Beccaria
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What is a violation of social norms defining appropriate of proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances?
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Deviance
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What gains explanatory power from inherent logical consistency and is "tested" by how well it describes and predicts reality?
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Theory
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Some theories assume that crime is caused by psychological factors, such as:
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Below-level intelligence
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Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who engage in a hedonistic rationality?
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Classical theory
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Which theory concedes that insanity is a factor that might inhibit the exercise of free will?
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Neoclassical theory
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The principle difference between classical and neoclassical theory has to do with classical theory's assumption about:
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Free will
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Most of what is done in criminal justice is based on:
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Neoclassical theory
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There has been a revival of classical and neoclassical theories during the past three decades. The more modern version is:
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Rational Choice Theory
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An untested theory is simply a:
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Hypothesis
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Who termed his philosophy of social control a utilitarianism?
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Bentham
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Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as:
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Neoclassical
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Beccaria believed that the only legitimate purpose of punishments is:
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Deterrence
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According to Beccaria punishments must be prompt and necessary and:
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Public
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Who devised the hedonistic calculus?
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Jeremy Bentham
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The theories of Maslow and Halleck are fundamentally psychoanalytic, so why are they referred to as humanistic?
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They assume that people are good even though the are influenced by society to act bad
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Atavism is |
A condition characterized by features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution |
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Sigmund Freud believed that some people who had unresolved deep-seated problems were psychopaths or:
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Sociopaths
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Which of the following theorists maintains that criminal behavior sometimes is chosen as an adaptation over other possible alternatives because is offers gratifications(psychological advantages) that could not be achieved otherwise
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Seymour Halleck
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Who argued that criminals are, by birth, a distinct type, and that this type can be recognized by physical characteristics or "stigmata" such as enormous jaws, high cheekbones, insensitivity to pain, etc.?
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Cesare Lombroso
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Most psychological theories of crime make certain fundamental assumptions. Among them is that:
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Crime is caused be exercise of free will
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What is atavism?
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A condition characterized by features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution
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Richard is described as soft and fat, with short tapered limbs. Based on these characteristics which of Sheldon's somatotype in described?
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Endomorphic
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This system is believed to moderate expressions of violence; and emotion such as anger, rage, and fear, and sexual response. |
Limbic system
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With whom are psychoanalytic theories of crime causation associated?
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Sigmund Freud
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Which school of criminology explains criminal behavior by looking at physical characteristics and/or gender makeup?
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Biological School |
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Which type of individuals did William Sheldon believe was most prone to aggression, violence, and delinquency?
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Mesomorphic |
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Which of Sheldon's body types has a relative predominance of muscle, bone, and connective tissue?
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Mesomorphs
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Which school explains criminal behavior by looking at gene structure, hormones, and inheritance?
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Biological school |
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Family Trees, twin studies and statistical comparisons are examples of what type of studies?
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Hereditary Studies
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Which of the following theorists suggested that criminal tendencies might be inherited?
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Richard Dugdale
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Which of the following theories is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals?
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Biological positivism
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Impulsive murderers and arsonists have been found to have low levels of which brain neurotransmitter?
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Serotonin
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This theory highlights the role of human DNA, environmental contaminants, nutrition and hormones as causes of crime:
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psychobiological theory
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What did Lombroso call a person predisposed to crime?
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and atavist
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Under the chromosome theory a human displaying the XYY chromosome structure is classified as a/an:
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supermale
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This male sex hormone has been linked to aggressiveness in males and violence of sex offenders.
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Testosterone
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Research had implicated this system as a cause of physical abuse, antisocial behavior and psychopathology when it malfunctions.
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Endocrine system
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Which school of criminology is associated with the body type theory?
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Biological school
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Which of the following biological theorists is associated with atavism?
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Lombroso |
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Which of the following biological criminologists developed phrenology?
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Franz Gall
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Which biological theorist studied the Kallikak family?
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Henry Goddard
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Which body type is characterized by thinness, fragility and delicacy of the body?
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Ectomorphic
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"You are what you eat" is an old maxim related to the:
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Biocriminology
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Theorists have suggested that high blood levels of caffeine and sugar produce:
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Antisocial behavior
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