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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Corrections |
A variety of programs, services, facilities, organizations that are responsible of managing those who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses. |
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Social Control |
Actions and practices of individuals and institutions designed to induce conformity with the norms and rules of society. |
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System |
Complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common goals and are influenced by the environment in which they live in. |
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Federalism |
System of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national and state governments. |
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Prison |
institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies |
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Jail |
facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and people sentenced misdemeanors for periods longer than 48 hours. Most jails are administered by county governments; sometimes part of state government. |
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Probation |
Agency that supervises the community adjustment of people who are convicted of crimes but are not sentenced to jail or prison. |
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Intermediate sanctions |
A variety of punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration |
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Parole |
A system of supervision of those who are released from confinement; sometimes due to early release |
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Penitentiary |
Institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past wrong doings, to repent, and thus undergo reformation |
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Seperate confinement |
penitentiary system developed in PA where inmates were held in complete isolation |
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Congregate system |
penitentiary system developed in Auburn NY where inmates were held in isolation at night but worked with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence. |
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Lease system |
inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for labor |
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mark system |
A system where offenders are assessed a certain number of points at the time of sentencing based on the severity of their crime. Prisoners could reduce their term and gain release by earning marks through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement. |
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Reformator |
Institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole. |
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Medical Model |
model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment. |
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Community corrections |
model of corrections based on assumption that reintegrating the offender into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system. |
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Crime control model of corrections |
model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by increased use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision. |
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Evidence-based corrections |
a movement to ensure correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about "What works" |
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History of Corrections |
Penitentiary, Reformatory, Progressive, Medical, Community, Crime Control |
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Lex talionis |
Law of retaliation principle that punishment should proportional to the offense |
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Enlightenment- Age of Reason |
1700s Europe, concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, & individualism dominated social and political thinking |
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Utilitarianism |
doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest possible balance of pleasure over pain, a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted. |
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Retribution |
Deserved punishment. The severity of the sanction should fit the seriousness of the crime.
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General Deterrence |
punishment that is intended to be an example to the general public to discourage them from committing future crimes |
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Specific deterrence |
punishment to discourage them from committing future crimes |
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Incapacitation |
depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes, usually by detaining the offender in prison |
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Selective incapacitation |
Making the best use of expensive and limited prison space by targeting for incarcerating those offenders whose incapacity will do the most to reduce crime in society. |
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Rehabilitation |
The goal of restoring the convicted offender to a constructive place in society through vocational training, educational services, and therapy. |
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Restorative Justice |
Punishment designed to help restore community and victim, and to help reintegrate offender back into the community. |
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indeterminate sentence |
period of incarceration with minimum and maximum terms so that parole eligibility depends on the time necessary for treatment. |
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Determinate sentence |
fixed period of incarceration imposed by a court, associated with the concept of retribution |
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Presumptive sentence |
sentence where legislature sets a minimum and maximum range of months or years. judges are to fix the length of the sentence within that range, allowing for special circumstances. |
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Mandatory sentence |
sentence stipulating that some minimum period of incarceration must be served by people convicted of certain crimes, regardless of their background or circumstances. ex. DWI automatic 30 days |
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Good time |
reduction of prison sentence at the discretion of the administrator for good behavior or participation in vocational, educational, and treatment programs |
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Intermediate sanctions |
punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration |
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probation |
sentence allowing offender to serve the sanctions imposed by the court while living in the community under supervision. |
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shock probation |
sentence where offender is released after a short incarceration and re-sentenced to probation |
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blameworthiness |
amount of blame the offender deserves for the crime |
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sentencing guidelines |
instrument developed for judges, indicating the usual sanctions given previously to particular offenses. |
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sentencing disparity |
divergence in the length and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or for crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned |
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wrongful conviction |
occurs when innocent person is found guilty by either plea or verdict |
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Legistlative |
make laws/statutes enact laws, make bill
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Executive |
Law enforcement police fbi dea FEDERAL STATE & COUNTY |
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Judicial |
Courts- STATE AND FEDERAL |
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Executive |
CORRECTIONS probation parole jail prison |
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Burden of proof |
have to be guilty beyond a reasonable doubt |
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Process ( protects the system) |
probable cause, warrant for probable cause (prosecutor reviews) prosecutor signs warrant, sends everything to judge, judge gives permission for police to make arrest. |
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Courtroom work group |
prosecutors and attorneys discuss what they have. both want justice so they decide on a punishment upon the going rate |
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goign rate |
they know what similar cases have gotten as punishment, they want a plea bargain |
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Nolle |
prosecutional discretionary rule- deciding not to prosecute the case at this time. the case is not dismissed, it stays on record for 13 months. if case is not picked back up before then then the case is dismissed and taken off the record. |
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Boykin |
you cant accept a plea if guilt in a federal case, designed more to protect the court. |
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Alford plea |
you agree there are extensive amounts of evidence that no matter what you will be sentenced, you can do this to get lesser charge. |
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Who sentences? |
Judicial branch- judges refer to set of laws given by the legislative branch. |