Crime Prevention Final Exam

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interagency working partnership

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Operation Ceasefire in 1996
to assess the nature of the gun problem and the dynamics of the youth violence in boston and to identify and implement an effective intervention
a set of interventions aimed at gangs and gang members

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groups involved in partnerships

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local pd
probation
parole
prosecutors' offices
community centers
job training programs
churches
school groups

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foot patrol

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mixed impact on crime
reduce level of citizens' fear and improve attitudes toward the police

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police sweeps or intensive patrol operations

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target specific problems in localized areas.
Sherman- a massive police crackdown in one area of NY effectively reduced drug crimes, robbery and homicide, but did not persist long after the effort ended

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community policing

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community involvement
problem solving
a community base
redefined goals for the police

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community involvement

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cooperation between the police and other members of the community
citizens must be involved in identifying and solving all sorts of community problems not just criminal acts

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problem solving

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most important element of community policing
sees crime as a symptom of more basic concerns and shifts the primary attention to the underlying problems

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problem oriented policing

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approaching issues and problems differently based on the uniqueness of each situation.

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community base

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critical to community policing
assigning officers to a specific neighborhood.
expectation that police will intimately get to know the community, its problems, and its citizens

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redefined goals

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primary concern is the elimination of the root problem
programs can be judged by reduced crime, increased feelings of safety, less neighborhood disorder, community cohesion

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Eck and Spelman (SARA)

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Scanning, analysis, response and assessment
four step process for problem solving

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scanning

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identification of problems
observations
residents or businesses
systematic study of data and info on the area
"hot spots"

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analysis

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an array of individuals and agencies should participate
bring together a diversity of expertise and insight

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responses

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who is involved will vary
lawyers will conduct most work for the jurisdiction and other departments that can help shut down a building

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assessment

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feedback to the process and to improving or altering the intervention

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community policing (partnership efforts)

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unitary program
Chicago Alternative Police Strategy (CAPS)- opted to move its entire police force into community policing. citizen interaction is the cornerstone of the program

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civil abatement

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seeks to involve landlords, citizens, health departments, zoning boards, city/county attorneys
in terms of drug crimes, seek to eliminate the use of locations for drug sales or drug use.

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"weed and Seed" programs

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weeding out existing problems and seeding areas with programs and initiatives that inhibit the return of the problems
weeding portion is mainly police enforcement
seeding can be demolition of abandoned property, physical improvement of the area, the building of businesses, etc.
200 sites
$49 million

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Comprehensive Communities Program (CCP)

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major key is to use a problem solving approach
brings the individuals and groups most affected by crime into the project

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Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI)

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to fight primarily violent personal crimes
lead agency is the local U.S Attorney's Office which attempts to build a partnership consisting mainly of other criminal justice agencies.
loca state and federal attorneys, social service agencies form the primary core of participants

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Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)

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an outgrowth of SACSI
focuses on reducing firearms violence
5 core components- partnership, strategic plans, training, outreach, and accountability
led by US Attorney in each judicial district

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Gun Violence (Operation Ceasefire)

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a set of interventions aimed at gangs and gang members

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crime and disorder partnerships

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UK establishment of community partnerships to combat crime and related problems
meant to include local police and housing authorities, victims, health professionals, probation officers and others.
goal is to address "multi-dimensional problems with multi-dimensional responses"
carry out crime audit every 3 years

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gang suppression programs

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Community Wide Approach to Gang Prevention Intervention and Suppression Program
grassroots community organizations

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problems and concerns

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Crawford notes that clear power differentials exist between participants which makes cooperation difficult and the participants cautious about their roles.
differences in the level and type of resources that the various partners can contribute

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features of successful partnerships

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identify strong leaders and managers
agree on the problem and the intervention
recruit qualified staff
research the problem
build grass roots support
identify adequate funding and resources
provide good oversight of project implementation
evaluate the efforts

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drug use and crime

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since mid1970s violent crime stemming from the drug trade has been a regular feature
victimless crime
secondary prevention
one means of predicting or identifying potential problems in society

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scope of drug use

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difficulty of measuring private behavior
available data relies on self-reports

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self-reported drug use

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Monitoring the Future Project
surveying representative high school students, college students, and young adults.
alcohol is used by at least 70% of individuals over their lifetime
National Survey on Drug Use and Health

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drug use among offending populations

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increase in drug arrests
ADAM showed that drug use is very common among arrestees
cocaine and marijuana are the most prevalent drugs

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drus-crime connection
possible relationships between drug use and crime

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drug use leads to crime
crime leads to drug use
crime and drug use at the same time
crime and other factors lead to drug use and visversa

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drug use causes criminal activity

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psychopharmacological explanation suggest that various drugs have a direct impact on the user which impels the individual to act in such a way the society deems unacceptable.
drug users are often involved in property offenses

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systematic violence

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violence resulting from competition among drug dealers, retaliation for poor drug quality or high prices, robbery of drug dealers.

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crime causes drug use

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youths turn to drug use as an extension of other deviant behavior

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reciprocal relationship

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criminal activity leads to drug use and drug use leads to criminal activity.
addiction increases crime by "previous offenders"

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maintenance programs

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methadone maintenance
outpatient programs that involve the provision of methadone to heroin/opiate addicts. ideally achieve a state whereby they do not suffer withdrawal pains and are able to function normally on a daily basis.
slowly detoxify their patients

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therapeutic communities

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providing a supportive, highly structured atmosphere within which individuals can be helped to alter their personality and develop social relationships conducive to conforming behavior
include education, vocational training, or mandatory employment

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outpatient drug free programs

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individual and group counseling
social skills training, vocational programming, social interaction, referral to other sources or assistance and possibly short term drug maintenance.
Alcoholics Anonymous

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detoxification

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the use of drugs in an effort to remove an individual from an addiction to another illicit drug.
short term program of controlled withdrawal

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tertiary crime prevention

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eliminating recidivistic behavior
keep the offender from further harming society

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specific deterrence

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seeks to prevent the offender from further deviant acts through the imposition of punishments that will negate any _pleasure_ or __advantage_ gained by participation in criminal activity

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incapacitation

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seeks to prevent future crime on the part of the offender through the simple control of the individual thus prohibiting the _physical_ possibility of future criminal activity

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studies of imprisonment

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one common mistake is lumping together of serious with less serious offenders or offenders with differing offense careers

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arrest for domestic violence

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Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
A __6 month__ follow-up period reveals that arrests result in lower recidivism levels using both official and self-report measures of subsequent behavior suggested a strong specific deterrent effect
Despite these results, there were a number of problems inherent in the study

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summary of specific deterrence

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studies do not present clear results

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collective incapacitation

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The imposition of sentences upon everyone exhibiting the same behavior with no concern for the potential of the individual

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selective incapacitation

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Identifying high-risk offenders and subjecting only that group to intervention

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peter greenwood RAND

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attempt to identify a group of individuals who should be incapacitated
surveyed 2,200 prison inmates who were serving time for burglary or robbery
by reducing time served by low and medium risk inmate and increasing the terms for high risk offenders it is possible to reduce robbery by 15%

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Greenwood's selectieve incapacitation prediction scale

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prior conviction for the same offense
incarcerated for more than 50% of the preceding two years
conviction before the age of 16
served time in a juvenile facility
drug use in the preceding two years
drug use as a juvenile
employed less than 50% of the preceding two years

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electronic monitoring

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active or continuous signaling systems
passive programmed contact system
GPS

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advantages of electronic monitoring

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may alleviate the overcrowding of correctional institutions
ability to supervise offenders in the community
reduces the costs
intermediate level of punishment

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concerns of EM

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degree to which offenders on EM violate the conditions of their release
operational issues
may place public at greater risk

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future implications

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studies of specific deterrence present contradictory results concerning the deterrent effects of punishment
incapacitation has great intuitive appeal
electronic monitoring may provide a viable alternative to incarceration

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What Works? Argument

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Martinson 1974
with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far have had no appreciable effect on recidivism.

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subsequent analysis

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treatment has little impact on recidivism
do not present adequate info for subsequent analysis

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outcome measures

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most common outcome measures are those that do not look to recidivism or deviant behavior.
educational and vocational achievment, changes in self-esteem, attitudinal shifts, psychological adjustment, community adjustment and costs of intervention

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aggregate level evaluation

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looks for changes across large groups of subjects. changes in rates of offending or recidivism are the common metric by which programs are to be judged

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individual level evaluations

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focuses on qualitative changed rather than quantitative shifts in offending.
these qualitative movements may appear as simple adjustments in the type of offending. offender can shift from robbery to burglary.