Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The social cognitive theory is that?
|
People cannot control their eating behaviors in a food-rich environment. Also, that your environment affects your behavior which in turn affects your health.
|
|
|
The four diseases associated with the "Deadly Quartet" are?
|
Hyperlipidemia, Obesity, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia(Diabetes).
|
|
|
The rose curve should focus on what?
|
The people with less risk, which is the larger part of the population.
|
|
|
The upstream theory states what in general as an example?
|
We should focus on putting fences around a river that falls straight down so that people don't fall in and die. Instead of waiting until after they have jumped in and then getting an ambulance to save them we just need to stop it before they can even jump in.
|
|
|
What contributes a lot to the obesity epidemic?
|
Sugar-sweetened beverages, sedentary US lifestyles, french fries from mcdonalds.
|
|
|
What % of college students consider themselves social smokers?
|
20%-25%
|
|
|
Did the food industry block legislation for policies to improve the quality of processed food in America?
|
Yes!
|
|
|
Lead in gasoline reduced what?
|
Child blood levels in the 1980s.
|
|
|
The "Field of Dreams Effect" states what?
|
When physicians provide services, people will begin to think that they need those services; the number of hospital beds in a community has an influence on the type and quality of care received by people.
|
|
|
What led to an increase in consumption of cigarettes?
|
Advertisements and distribution to soldiers in WWII.
|
|
|
Who is responsible for environmental health?
|
The federal govt.
|
|
|
What is the largest single threat to public health?
|
Global Climate Change.
|
|
|
What acts as an indicator of potential environmental hazards?
|
Surveillance-measure things(levels, check companies).
|
|
|
What stems from the Exon Valdeez oil spill?
|
Point source pollution
|
|
|
What does the Clean Water Act do?
|
It's legislation that regulates waste water treatment plants as well as industrial "offenders".
|
|
|
What does OSHA do?
|
Federal agency that protects occupational exposure to workers.
|
|
|
Second-hand smoke is responsible for what?
|
90% of exposure to children.
|
|
|
What are some actual causes of death?
|
Tobacco, poor diet and exercise, alcohol consumption, toxic agents.
|
|
|
What are two differences between actual and leading causes of death?
|
Actual is preventable and they are health behaviors.
|
|
|
Tobacco accounts for what?
|
30% of all cancer deaths, 21% of cardiovascular disease, lung disease, infant deaths due to low birth weight, fires, 35,000 deaths caused by second-hand smoke.
|
|
|
Poor diet and exercise can cause what?
|
Obesity, heart disease and stroke, diabetes, and cancer.
|
|
|
Alcohol consumption is responsible for?
|
35-40% of motor vehicle fatalities, 3-5% of cancer deaths, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, drowning, and fires.
|
|
|
Did the 1964 surgeon general's report on smoking have an effect on peoples smoking behaviors?
|
No it had little effect.
|
|
|
Did prohibition work?
|
Yes, with alcohol even though people didn't like it, it still worked. It didn't work in the war against drugs however.
|
|
|
What are some social determinants of heath?
|
socioeconomic status (SES), minority populations, social or environmental stress, housing, transportation.
|
|
|
What is the socioeconomic status (SES) associated with?
|
Income, Education, Occupation. We don't always choose our own health/behavior.
|
|
|
Stress can cause what?
|
1) Mortality-when a spouse dies, lose a job, divorce.
2) Increases risk of heart disease. |
|
|
Is changing the environment more effective than changing individual behavior?
|
Yes!
|
|
|
Poor diet and exercise is what?
|
The 2nd most important actual cause of death.
|
|
|
Alcohol is what?
|
3rd actual cause of death.
|
|
|
What is the 4th actual cause of death?
|
Microbial agents.
|
|
|
What fraction of Americans still smoke?
|
1/5
|
|
|
Food industries wanted to delay what to the public?
|
to eat less meat and less sugar due to likely financial harm.
|
|
|
Who makes the decision to teach sex ed classes in grade school?
|
Local school boards and community standards.
|
|
|
In Britain and the US what law was passed in the 1860s-70s?
|
That medical exams of known and suspected prostitutes had to be done and detention for those with the disease (Venereal). Said the diseases were a national defense and syphilis could be transmitted to a fetus.
|
|
|
What did Milton Friedman say?
|
That the illegality of drugs causes an increase in the price and addicts to become desperate.
|
|
|
What did William Bennett say?
|
That not enforcing laws against drugs would be more costly than the "war against drugs."
|
|
|
Race and gender affects and influences your what?
|
Health...ethnic/minorities have higher mortality rates.
|
|
|
A higher SES shows what?
|
More education and healthier.
|
|
|
Who has a better health status than whites?
|
Asian Americans
|
|
|
A low SES shows what?
|
Greater life stress, little to no education.
|
|
|
The Alameda County Study showed what?
|
individual health status and risk of dying are related to the nature of your own network.
|
|
|
What does the Health Belief Model say?
|
Shows if a person is likely to change their behavior when dealing with a health threat. What do they perceive as the severity of the threat, what are some barriers to the threat, whats the effectiveness of taking action to prevent/minimize the threat, how vulnerable are they.
|
|
|
Self-Efficacy as part of the health belief model does what?
|
reduces stress and engage in health-promoting behavior of you have high self-efficacy.
|
|
|
The Transtheoretical Model says what?
|
To change involves 5 steps: 1) Precontemplation-no intention to change 2) Contemplation-more aware of benefits to change, but not ready to 3) Preparation-decided to change and has taken some steps 4) Action-modifies behavior 5) Maintenance-achieved healthy behavior, but doesn't relapse.
|
|
|
The Ecological Model of health behavior looks at what?
|
the social environment and how it supports/maintains behaviors in all the levels of the model.
|
|
|
88 million non-smokers are exposed each year to what?
|
Second-hand smoke
|
|
|
Heart disease from tobacco accounts for how many deaths?
|
46,000
|
|
|
Lung cancer from tobacco accounts for how many deaths?
|
3,000
|
|
|
How many children try to smoke each day?
|
3,500--they are key targets for tobacco companies because once they are addicted they will continue to smoke until they die and make money off of them.
|
|
|
What did California's tobacco control program do?
|
1989: 25 cent tax increase
mass media campaigns, school/community intervention. It was very successful! |
|
|
Does raising cigarette taxes reduce smoking?
|
Yes!
|
|
|
In 1998 what was stopped against children?
|
Tobacco advertisements--MSA stopped them.
|
|
|
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
|
Tobacco
|
|
|
Nicotine does what to the body?
|
raises blood pressure and heart rate, heart spasms, oxygen shortages, stroke, LDL (bad cholesterol),
|
|
|
What disease is linked to smoking?
|
Lung Cancer
|
|
|
Who was the first state to enact restrictions on smoking in restaurants?
|
Connecticut
|
|
|
In 1989 the Congress did what?
|
Put a ban on smoking on flights.
|
|
|
By the end of 2008 how many states had banned smoking in public places?
|
16
|
|
|
What has the nonsmokers' rights movement done?
|
decreased cigarette consumption, makes smoking socially unacceptable, smokers refrain from smoking for periods of time.
|
|
|
What is a method of changing behavior that is highly effective but does not involve laws?
|
Regulation
|
|
|
Collective action and coalition building are part of what level in the ecological model?
|
Community
|
|
|
Ten behaviors can be counted as leading causes of actual death – what percent of these deaths are attributable to unhealthy choices?
|
50%
|
|
|
Public health enemy number two in obesity?
|
Soda drinks
|
|
|
Landmark epi study that established the risk factors for heart disease?
|
Framingham study
|
|
|
Term used for built environments that favor outdoor movement in everyday life?
|
Walkability
|
|
|
This state used a three-prong ecological approach to successfully control tobacco use?
|
California
|
|
|
Under this agreement the tobacco companies agreed to pay 46 states 206 billion dollars?
|
Master Settlement Agreement (MSA)
|
|
|
Hard-hitting advertising programs that expose the tobacco companies comprise what campaign?
|
The truth campaign
|
|
|
Percent of US adults who smoke cigarettes on a daily basis?
|
20%
|
|
|
Lead and this substance each are known to cause neurological damage?
|
Mercury
|
|
|
Toxin associated with coal mining?
|
Arsenic
|
|
|
Likely disease for brake mechanics and some Montana residents?
|
asbestosis
|
|
|
Toxin that remains potentially useful for malaria control?
|
DDT
|
|
|
Naturally occurring cause of cancer that is greatly magnified by climate change?
|
Radiation
|
|
|
Water-borne disease that was the first application of epidemiology?
|
cholera
|
|
|
Term used when bathroom waste is dumped directly into water such as the KY river?
|
Straight pipe
|
|
|
This piece of legislation demands that all water sources become drinkable and swimmable?
|
Clean Water Act.
|
|
|
The recent BP oil disaster and the Exon Valdez oil spill are examples of what kind of water pollution?
|
Point Source
|
|
|
Sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination all occur in what place?
|
Water treatment plants
|
|
|
Two countries ranked as worst offenders for carbon load?
|
US and China
|
|
|
US President who denied global climate change?
|
George W. Bush
|
|
|
As death rates increase – birth rates increase also – this is known as the?
|
Demographic transition
|
|
|
Method of birth control that is placed in the uterus for several years?
|
Mirena (IUD)
|
|
|
War, famine, and disease comprise this hypothesis?
|
Malthus hypothesis
|
|
|
When population growth exceeds carrying capacity the result is described by this curve?
|
J-curve
|
|
|
Outcomes Research asks what?
|
what value to health and well-being is gained by procedure X?
|
|
|
Medical mistakes claim how many lives per year?
|
44,000-98,000
|
|
|
The MSA caused a decline in what?
|
number of teens who smoke
|
|
|
The American Legacy Foundation did what?
|
created the "truth" campaign targeted at youth; created the "EX" campaign to help smokers quit.
|
|
|
In 2009 Congress passed the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act which did what?
|
FDA has authority to regulate tobacco products and restrict advertising, larger warning labels, can remove harmful ingredients, makes them prove health-related claims.
|
|
|
Principle one in public health enemy #2?
|
health disparities are apparent in regards to obesity in the US. Ex. 80.5% black women vs. 57.4% white women are overweight
|
|
|
Principle two in public health enemy #2?
|
Social cognitive theory-people cannot control their eating behaviors in a food-rich environment.
|
|
|
Principle three in public health enemy #2?
|
Childhood obesity is programmed into US society.
|
|
|
Principle 4 in public health enemy #2?
|
Walkability-change environment to change behaviors.
|
|
|
Some key epi findings were?
|
Framingham study and other cohort studies: 1) HDL (good cholesterol) raised by exercise 2) Sedentary living associated with hypertension 3) Exercise protects against obesity 4) obesity is a risk factor for diabetes
|
|
|
Deadly Quartet precedes what disease?
|
Heart disease-associated with 4 other diseases.
|
|
|
Principle 5 in public health enemy #2?
|
Economics of obesity and sedentary living are overwhelming. Obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and kidney failure cost billions of dollars.
|
|
|
Principle 6 in public health enemy #2?
|
The rose curve-shift towards the left
|
|
|
Principle 7 in public health enemy #2?
|
Food industry regulation-taxes on junk food, prohibit fast food in some places, calories counts posted (in NYC).
|
|
|
What is politics?
|
Art of science of governing.
|
|
|
The greatest successes in public health have required what?
|
significant political will/involvement ex. mandatory vaccinations, mandatory quarantines, social reform movements, funding of depts., food safety and inspection.
|
|
|
The goals of public health and who are often in conflict?
|
the food industry--eat more vs. less; food industry has invested in blocking regulations and laws intended to improve public health nutrition.
|
|
|
What is a common cause of cancer and morbidity?
|
radium from x-rays--workers in 1920s were painting watch dials with radium and had increased rates of kidney and bone disease.
|
|
|
Principle 1 in environmental health?
|
Keeping toxins out of the environment is based on political unwillingness to regulate industries--agribusiness, plastics, construction, automobiles, energy.
|
|
|
Principle 2 in environmental health?
|
regulation most common approach in environmental health, followed by legislation and litigation.
|
|
|
To change anything you need what four parts?
|
Education, legislation, regulation, litigation.
|
|
|
Radiation causes what?
|
average death of radiologists to be 5 yrs sooner. largest problem may be UV rays.
|
|
|
Mercury causes what?
|
neurological disease. "mad hatter"-felt used in workers hat gave them the disease. most comes from burning coal.
|
|
|
Lead causes what?
|
damages to the brain, nervous system, red blood cells, and kidneys. Current problem is paint, cooking pots, children's toys and lead pipes for plumbing.
|
|
|
Arsenic causes what?
|
Worst mass poisoning in history. source=drinking water from contaminated wells. Also, from coal.
|
|
|
Asbestos causes what?
|
scaring of lung tissue, developed mesothelioma and sued their employer.
|
|
|
DDT helps with what?
|
Malaria, caused the death of birds and fish which poisoned animals and thus humans.
|
|
|
PCBs and most polluted river?
|
The hudson river, pcbs enter from industrial waste.
|
|
|
Principle 3 from environmental health?
|
occupations hazard to your health--brake mechanics, firemen.
|
|
|
Principle 4 from environmental health?
|
Regulation and legislation may not be enforced-public health and politics interfere with one another--clean air act-only a few carcinogens regulated.
|
|
|
Crytosporidium caused how many deaths
|
Intestinal parasite in water involved 403,000 people and killed 54.
|
|
|
An example of non-point source water pollution?
|
agriculture fertilizer and pesticide run offs.
|
|
|
Principle 5 of environmental health?
|
federal regulation is best defense against infectious and chronic disease caused by water consumption.
|
|
|
Principle 6 in environmental health?
|
Ongoing surveillance of water-borne illness is aspect of public health.
|
|
|
What does the water treatment do?
|
Sedimentation, coagulation,filtration and disinfection.
|
|
|
What is the single largest threat to public health?
|
Global Climate Change
|
|
|
"Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson was what?
|
wake-up call to Americans about chemicals in the environment being harmful--launched an environmental movement that led to legislation.
|
|
|
What % of the US population is served by sewage treatment plants?
|
70%
|
|
|
late application of condoms accounts for what % of mistakes?
|
15-40%
|
|
|
Early removal of condoms accounts for what % of mistakes?
|
10-20%
|
|
|
Condoms breaking accounts for what % of mistakes?
|
3-20%
|
|
|
Condoms slipping off account for how many mistakes?
|
2-20%
|
|
|
Medicare is what?
|
for everyone over 65 and those who are disabled, mandatory insurance for all workers.
|
|
|
Medicaid is what?
|
welfare program for the poor, costs shared between federal and state govt.'s.
|
|
|
KCHIP is what?
|
Kentucky's childrens health insurance program for families earning too much for medicaid.
|
|
|
What are HMO's?
|
where doctors made hospital stays no longer than 24 hours. no matter what the procedure was.
|
