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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Human Development Report
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report published by the United Nations which contains the Human Development Index
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Human Development Index
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the UN's index used to rank standards of living in its member countries
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standard of living
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a measure comparing how well people live in different countries based on three indicators: life expectancy, literacy rate, and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
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literacy rate
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the percentage of a population that is able to read and write
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GDP per capita
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gross domestic product, or the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year, divided by the population
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non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
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non-profit local, national, or international groups that work independently of government on issues such as health, the environment, or human rights
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infrastructure
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structures such as roads, railways, power grids, and communications links that are basic to the functioning of a modern economy, as well as buildings such as schools and hospitals
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developed countries
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the world's wealthiest countries; they have well-established infrastructures and their people are well-housed, healthy, and have good literacy skills
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newly industrializing countries
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countries that are experiencing rapid economic and industrial growth; many are switching from agricultural to industrial economies
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developing countries
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countries that have lower standards of living than developed countries; many have extensive poverty
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heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs)
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countries at the low end of the UN Human Development Index that are in debt to developed nations
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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
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eight goals developed by the member states of the United Nations to close the gap in living standards between developed and developing countries
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mortality
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death rate, calculated as number of deaths per 1000 people in a population
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malnutrition
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poor, or lack of, nourishment
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globalization
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the spread of ideas, information, and culture around the world through advances in communication, technology, and travel
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multinational corporations (MNCs)
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companies that do business in more than one country
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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a large trading bloc of countries in North America (Canada, United States, and Mexico)
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Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
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a large trading bloc of eastern Asian countries
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World Bank
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an international group of five financial institutions that provide financial and technical help to developing countries
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
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originally created as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) to administer the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe after the Second World War, OECD's mission is to improve living standards in developing countries
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low income cut-off (LICO)
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household that spends more than 70 percent of its income on food, clothing, and shelter
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National Council of Welfare (NCW)
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a federal government agency that uses after-tax income to measure poverty
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war on poverty
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the phrase that U.S. government declared when it chose a set income figure to define poverty
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International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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an international organization designed to promote economic stability and development
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megaproject
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a very large-scale, costly project to help develop infrastructure, such as building roads, dams, or irrigation systems
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commodities
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goods or services that are bought or sold
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structural adjustment programs (SAPs)
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programs designed by the World Bank and IMF to adjust the ecocnomies of developing countries as a condition of receiving loans
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Marshall Plan
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an American program for rebuilding Western Europe and its economy after the war
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International Development Association (IDA)
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the organization that launched HIPC Initiative with International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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bilateral aid
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assistance from one country to another
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off-shore farming
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a practice in which wealthy countries with little agricultural land or water purchase or lease farmland from poor countries; food is grown and then shipped back to the country that owns the land
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subsistence farming
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a form of farming in which the crops grown are used to feed the farmer and his or her family, with little or nothing left over to sell or trade
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desertification
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the spread of desert-like conditions in an area, sometimes caused by human activity
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Progress of Nations Report (PNR)
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the report on the welfare of children published by UNICEF; it launched the 21st century with a new index that measures the risk for children in countries worldwide on a scale of 0 to 100.
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under-five mortality rate (U5MR)
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UNICEF's main measure of human development
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United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
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a UN organization that works to protect children's rights, to make sure the basic needs of children are met and to help children reach their full potential; originally called United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
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ethnic cleansing
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the elimination of one ethnic group from an area by another ethnic group
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bonded labour (debt bondage)
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paying off a loan with labour rather than money; bonded labourers often work for very little pay and their labour is worth more than the original debt
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subsidies
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grants from the government, intended to help people
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World Health Organization (WHO)
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a UN agency that coordinates international health activities and helps governments improve health services
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malaria
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a deadly infectious disease common in tropical climates, transmitted to humans by the mosquito
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
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a UN organization that helps build peace, fight poverty, and promote sustainable developemtn through education, the sciences, culture, communication, and information
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foreign aid
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aid from rich, industrialized countries to poorer, developing countries
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official development assistance (ODA)
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aid given to developing countries through official government programs to promote economic development and the welfare of the people
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multilateral aid
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aid delivered through international organizations such as the UN and the World Bank
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tied aid
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aid given to a foreign country with conditions attached
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Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
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Canada's leading development agency for assistance to the developing world
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