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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is meant by situational crime prevention? |
Clarke- an attempt at reducing criminal opportunities rather than the cause |
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Give an example of situational crime prevention |
Felson- Port Authority Bus Terminal. Designed to reduce crimes such as rough sleeping and drug dealing |
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Criticise Situational Crime Prevention techniques |
+Does prevent crime +Helped in reducing suicides- non-toxic cars. -Mainly just due to displacement -Ignores corporate crime -Assumes rational choice |
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Outline Wilson and Kelling's method to reduce crime |
Environmental crime prevention Rid of damage immediately-prevent 'broken windows' Zero tolerance policing |
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Give an example of Environmental prevention |
Improvement strategies>NY- 'Clean car program' Removed and cleaned graffitied subway cars Greatly removed any further graffiti crime. |
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Outline social/community prevention technique |
Tackling root cause through socialisation and improving social conditions Perry preschool=3/4 y/o.2 years week home visits By 40, significant less arrests. $1spent=$17 saved |
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Explain Foucault's view of punishment |
We have two forms: Sovereign- monarch had power- visible punishment was given Disciplinary- governs the body and mind. |
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Give an example of disciplinary surveillance. |
Panopticon- Each call visible from central watchtower but not vice versa. Prisoners know they could be being watched but not when and so behave just in case they are |
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Evaluate Foulcault |
-Exaggerates control- some inmates can resist. -CCTV not effective-Norris=causes displacement. -Surveillance just gives ideology to make public feel safe |
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Following Foucault's ideas what other ways of surveillance are there |
Mathiesen-Synopticon=Everyone watches each other Thompson- Sousveillance=control the controllers Haggerty- Surveillance assemblages= data double collected from multiple technology |
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Explain 'Technology of power' |
Calculate risk factor of groups to prevent offending Actuarial justice- pick likely offenders from stats Norris+Armstrong=CCTV operators target young black men |
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Outline the the functions of prison |
Deterrence- discouraging offenders Rehabilitiation- change offenders thinking Incapacitation- Removing chance of offending |
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Outline the functionalist view of punishment |
To uphold social solidarity. Durkheim outlines two ways: Retributive justice- Oppress offender through cruel and severe treatment Restitutive justice- Offender must fix their damage |
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Outline the Marxist view of punishment |
RSA used to control and maintain social order Imprisonment favourable by capitalists as time is money and offenders 'pay by doing time' |
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What are the trends in imprisonment? |
Not effective- 66% re-offending rate Still a move towards 'populist punitiveness'- tougher sentences. Population doubled since 1993. 147 in every 100,000. Russia= 447, Iceland=45 |
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What are the trends of US prison system? |
100-698 in every 100,000 (3% population) imprisoned Black americans- 13% pop~ 37% prison pop Move from 'penal welfarism' to 'tough on crime' |
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What is meant by transcarceration? |
The movement of an individual from one institution to another throughout their life |
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How has the way in which CJS deal with criminalisation changed? |
Originally diverted youth away. Now more community control such as curfews, ASBOs just divert youth into prison for civil behaviours |
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Outline the difference between positivist and critical victimology |
Positivist- identify patterns. Focus on victim proneness. Give sense of victim precipitation. Critical- Focuses on structural factors and the power to apply 'victim' label. |
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Evaluate positivist victimology |
-Ignores structural factors -Victim blaming -Ignores corporate crime |
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Evaluate critical victimology |
+Draws attention to the creation of victim status -Disregards the role of the victim |
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Outline patterns of victimisation |
Poor more at risk. Homless 12x more likely Young most at risk. Elderly face abuse in homes Males at risk of violence, 70% homicides are male victims. Women risk of sex crimes 60% never been a victim but 4% of vicitms make up 44% of crimes |
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Outline and give examples of secondary victimisation |
Impact of crime as a result of CJS may cause further harm. Rape victims may have double violation- the rape and the way in which the court deals with it. Hate crimes intimidate whole communities |
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What have surveys found about fear of crime |
Fear is often irrational Women afraid of being in dark when young males are most at risk |