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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Superior |
Towards head (bipedal) |
|
Inferior |
Towards feet (bipedal) |
|
Rostral |
Towards nose (quadrapets) |
|
Dorsal |
Towards top (quadrapets) |
|
Ventral |
Towards (quadrapets) |
|
Cranial |
Towards head (quadrapets) |
|
Caudal |
Towards tail (quadrapets) |
|
Proximal |
Towards the center |
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Distal |
Towards the outside |
|
Visceral |
Towards an internal organ |
|
Parietal |
Towards the wall |
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Superficial |
Towards the surface |
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Medullary |
Inner region |
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Cortical |
Outer Region |
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Afferent |
Towards a central part |
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Efferent |
Away from a central part |
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Juxta- |
adjacent to |
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Tachy- |
Rapid |
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Brady- |
Slow |
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Ante- |
Before |
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Post- |
After |
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Hyper- |
Excessive, increased |
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Hypo- |
Decreased, beneath |
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Peri- |
Around |
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Dys- |
Impaired |
|
A- |
Without |
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Epi- |
Upon, outside of |
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Endo- |
Within |
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Erythr- |
Red |
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Pyo- |
Pus |
|
-aemia |
Pertaining to blood |
|
-cyte |
Pertaining to a celll |
|
-ectomy |
Surgical removal of |
|
-genic |
Causing |
|
-ia/iasis |
Condition |
|
-itis |
Inflammation |
|
-oma |
Tumor or neoplasm |
|
-osis |
Disease |
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Poly- |
Many |
|
-lysis |
Breakdown |
|
Arthr(o) |
Joint |
|
Cardi(o) |
Heart |
|
Chondro- |
Cartilage |
|
Cyst(o) |
Bladder |
|
Dermat(o) |
Skin |
|
Gloss(o) |
Tounge |
|
Haem(o) |
Blood |
|
Hepat(o) |
Liver |
|
Hist(o) |
Tissue |
|
Mamm(o) |
Breast |
|
Metra-/metro |
Uterus |
|
Myo- |
Muscle |
|
Neur(o) |
Nerve |
|
Oste(o) |
Bone |
|
Orchi- |
Testis |
|
Pneum(o) |
Air, Lungs |
|
-pnoea |
Breathing |
|
Ren- |
Kidney |
|
Rhin(o) |
Nose |
|
Trich(o) |
Hair |
|
Vas(o) |
Vessel/duct |
|
Iatrogenic |
Caused by treatment or intervention |
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Idiopathic |
Of unknown origin or cause |
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Homeostasis |
Maintenance of constancy of body variables despite varying environment |
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Homeorhesis |
Long-term maintenance of body variables |
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Explain conformity |
Internal environment permitted to vary when external environment changes. Internal environment changes in relation to external environment |
|
Explain Regulation |
Internal environment held constant. Maintain internal environment without relying on external environment |
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What are the +/- of conformity |
+ does not require energy -slower metabolic rate |
|
What are the +/- of regulation |
+Faster metabolic rate -Requires energy |
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What is the extracellular fluid made from? |
Plasma and intercellular fluid |
|
What is the role of extracellular fluid? |
Acts as a buffer for cells to keep the internal environment constant |
|
What are the 7 variables that can be regulated? |
Temperature, pH, blood pressure, mineral levels, vitamin levels, fluid pressures and sugar levels |
|
What are the vital signs in animals? |
Body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, ausculation |
|
How can you measure body temperature? |
Rectal, aural, oral, axilla or inguinal |
|
What is the normal temperature range of animals? |
Sheep: 38.3-38.9 (39.6) Cattle: 38.8-39.3 (39) Pig: 38.7-39.8 (39.3) Horse: 37.3-38.2 (37.8) Chicken: 40.5-42 (41.2) |
|
What is the normal pulse and respiration rate range of animals? |
Sheep: PR 60-80 RR 12-20 Cattle: PR 60-70 RR 18-28 Pig: PR 60-80 RR 8-18 Horse: PR 32-44 RR 8-16 |
|
Endocrine secretion means that the hormone is secreted into the ______. |
Blood |
|
Exocrine secretion means the secretion is into a ______. |
Duct |
|
The hormone/receptor complex results in a _______ change in the receptor, which in turn produces an intracellular response. |
Biological |
|
An excessively high level of secretion of a hormone usually results in a reduction in receptor numbers on the cell. This is called_______. |
Downregulation |
|
Steroid hormones are synthesized from which molecule? |
Cholesterol |
|
Steroid hormones are ______ since they can cross the cell membrane |
Lipid soluble |
|
What are the 7 major releasing hormones? |
-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH -Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone GnRH -Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone GHIH -Groth hormone-releasing hormone GHRH -Corticotrophin-releasing hormone CRH -Prolactin-releasing factor PRF -Prolactin-inhibiting hormone PIH |
|
What hormone has a function in stress response and where is its target tissue? |
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone and it targets the adrenal gland |
|
What hormone targets the thyroid gland and what is its function? |
Thyroid stimulating hormone controls metabolic rate |
|
Growth hormone plays a role in _______ and targets ________. |
Growth and bones and muscles |
|
What two hormones target the gonads? |
Follicle stimulating hormone and Luteinising hormone |
|
What hormone has a role in milk synthesis? |
Prolactin |
|
Pain relief is controlled at the _______ due to the hormone, _______ |
Opioid receptor and beta-endorphin |
|
The link between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is via _________. |
blood |
|
The link between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is via ________. |
neural connections |
|
ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin are synthesized in the neural cells of the hypothalamus, stored in _______ bodies and released by ______ from the posterior pituitary |
Herring, exocytosis |
|
Feedback loops from hormone levels to the hypothalamus are called ______feedback loops |
Long |
|
Feedback loops from the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus are called ______feedback loops |
Short |
|
Daily rhythms in hormone levels are called _____ rhythms |
Circadian |
|
What does the hypothalamus produce when under acute stress? |
Adrenaline |
|
What does the hypothalamus produce when under chronic stress? |
Cortisol |
|
Where is adrenaline produced? |
Adrenal medulla in the adrenal gland |
|
What are the three top layers of the adrenal gland? |
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciulata Zona reticularis |
|
What does the zona glomerulosa produce? |
Mineralocorticoids |
|
What does the zona fasciulata produce? |
Glucocorticoids |
|
What are the long term effects of glucocorticoid treatment? |
depressed immunity skin thinning osteroperosis alopecia dermatitis obesity |
|
Why do you need to remove patients off glucocorticoid medication slowly? |
Drugs generally have a higher dosage of glucocorticoid compared to what the body makes while under chronic stress, therefore need to remove slowly as to not disrupt the levels. |
|
What are 6 markers for measuring stress in animals? |
Plasma cortisol levels fecal cortisol hair cortisol behaviour bio-markers heart rate variation |
|
What is the difference between cushings syndrome and cushings disease? |
Syndrome caused from hypercortisolamin while disease is caused by a pituitary tumor causing excess ACTH production |
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What are adverse effects arising from medical intervention called? |
Iatrogenic |
|
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are collectively known as the________ |
Catacolamine |
|
Cushings disease in horses is due to excessive secretion of cortisol. What might cause sustained high cortisol levels? |
Tumor in pituitary, no negative feedback, excess ACTH |
|
Which hormones control metabolic rate? What mineral element is essential for their synthesis? |
T3 and T4, which both require iodine |
|
Why do thyroid glands enlarge in goitre? |
For hyper: overstimulation of TSH For Hypo: excess T3, since no T4 can b produced |
|
What do beta cells in the pancreas regulate? |
Increase of insulin production due to increase plasma glucose |
|
What do alpha cells in the pancreas regulate? |
increase in glucagon secretion due to decrease in plasma glucose |