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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When was the internet developed?
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Late 1960's
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When were cell phones created?
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1973
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What is technology?
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A tool or procedure that assists in getting someone done
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What is communication technology?
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Helps us create/exchange/receive messages
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What is new communication technoolgy (3)?
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post mass media, several defining qualitities, not those that arrive on market recently
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What makes new communication technology new?
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the long history of media
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What is the long history of media/example?
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From smoke signals to the Internet
Ex: The impact of printing technology to civilization |
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What's the problem with the label "New"/example?
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Is a cell phone really new?
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What are the elements of new media?
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1. Highly interactive and convenientyly asychronous
2. Fewer spacial boundaries 3. Electronic/digital in nature 4. Personalized and demassified 5. Faster 6. Hybrid/recombinant technology: Convergence |
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What is asynchronous vs. synchronous?
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-Time lag between message sending and receiving (ex: email)
- No time lag (ex: im instant messenger) |
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What is the example of fewer spacial boundaries?
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-Korean commercial video, cell phone eliminated distance factor
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What is the example of electronic/digital in nature?
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airplane cell phone video of guy creeping on girl
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What is the example of personalized and demassified?
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Favorite t.v. channel, website
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What is the example of often faster?
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TV connects you with other parts of the world
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What is the example of the hybrid/recombinant techonology: convergence
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iphone (cell phone with internet, mp3, etc)
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What is technological convergence?
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The convergence of media that was once distinct in their forms and use
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How does technological convergence confuse things?
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Boundaries aren't clear because watching TV through the internet, are you using the internet or TV?
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What are the 4 impacts of technological convergence/example of each?
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1. increased amount of information and efficiency
2. greater variety of information packages Ex: Harry potter packaged into several movies, video games, novels 3. wider selections in content and timing If you miss a TV episode, can go to the internet to watch it later 4. feedback capability and convenience to users Ex: Did you know? The information overload video |
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What is information overload and media literacy?
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limited capability of information processing.
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What are the 3 parts of media literacy?
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1. Identifying available media and assessing their attributes
2. Diagnosing your needs 3. Evaluating and retrieving useful and valid information |
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What does it mean to substitute communication for transportation/examples?
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move messages across time and space instead of moving people or objects
Ex: Email, teleconference, remote-surgery the emergence of virtual work Ex: telecommuniting, telework |
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What are the primary dimensions of communication technology?
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time: synchronous vs. asynchronous
space: distance and "social presence" capacity: audio, visual, text data. interactivity: two way exchange and influence control: ability to manipulate message |
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What are the two types of time?
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synchronous and asynchrnous
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What are the two types space?
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distance and "social presence"
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What are the three forms of capacity?
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audio, visual, text data.
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What is interactivity?
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interactivity: two way exchange and influence
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What is control?
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abilitiy to manipulate message
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What are the 4 levels of communication technology?
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intrapersonal, interpersonal, group and organizational, mass (social)
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What is intrapersonal vs. interpersonal?
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intra: tape recorder, PDA, diary
inter: email, cell phones, |
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What is the example group and organizational level of communication technology?
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ex:businesses have cells only for work
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What are examples mass comm. technology?
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newspapers, televisions, magazines
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What are the 3 different views of new media?
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Utopian (+): unlimited potential of humans
Dystopian (-): negative outlook, people depend on machines, job loss, Ex: Walle video Socialist view: technology is neither good or bad, we should look at pros/cons |
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What is the difference between expessions given, and expressions given off?
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Given: instrumental, intentional
Given off: unintentional Ex: tattoo - didn't mean to give off that impression |
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iclicker: Preedy was ..
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trying to give the impression that messages he was giving were actually given off
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What are 2 examples of gender being constructed through communicaiton?
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Agnes (Harold Garfinkel) A man who pretended to be a womna
Brandon Teena (Boy's Don't Cry) |
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What is the self concept?
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We see our self's a certain way --> Behavior --> actual responses --> perception of others' responses --> self concept
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What is the Looking Glass Self?
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Imagine how we are perceieved from other's perspectives
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What is the self fulfilling prophecy?
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how you appear to others, and then how they perceive you, affect how you feel about yourself
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What are the 4 aspects of the Johari Window/ what frame do they fall in?
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Open self: known to self, known to others
Hidden self: Known to self, not known to others Blind self: not known to self, known to others Unknown self: not known to self, not known to other |
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What is an example of the open,hidden,blind,unknown self?
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open - favorite food
hidden- politics, sexual desires blind - being selfish unknown - |
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icliker: In the Seinfeld video of Elain's dancing skills, this was her..
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blind self
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iclicker:Donald is not a big fan of hygiene and goes days without showering. His friends told him he smelled after having talking behind his back. He was in the ____ quadrants, and after they told him he became in the _____ quadrant.
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blind, open
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What is to have vs. do CULTURE?
What is to have vs do SELF? What is to have vs. do RELATIONSHIPS? |
Culture
have- controls of shapes us do- we construct culture via communication Self have- personality, authenticity do- constructed through communication Relationships have- static, fixed, shaped by social structure do- dynamic, changing, created and recreated via comm |
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What is synergy?
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the whole is better than the sum of its parts
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How do two unlinkely people get together/example?
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communication + synergy.
Ex- beauty and the beast |
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The video of when harry met sally exemplified what?
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how relationships begin
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What are some ingredients in a new realtionship?
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physical attraction, mutual attraction, chance, common ground
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If there is an attraction, what happens next/example?
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pick up lines- ex: kramer in seinfeld
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What are the 5 stages of relationship development?
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1. Initiation
2. Exploration - explore common interests, find common ground 3. Intensification - conjoined into lives. Think of selfves as unit. 4. Formalization - public acknowledgment (marriage) 5. Redefinition - relationship may change |
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What did the grey's anatomy video exemplify?
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Stages of relationship development don't necessarily go in order. It ended with initiation stage and before that experienced exploration stage.
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How do we move through relationships?
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Self disclosure and uncertainty reduction
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What is self disclosure?
What is high vs low self disclosure |
how other people find out about you
high (deeply personal) low (superficial stuff) |
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What is uncertainty reduction?
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opening yourself up, makes relationship transition easier
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With regard to self discolsure and uncertainty reduction, Kip and Cara's conversation about their day showed
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low self disclosure can reduce uncertainty reduction about the relationship
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What do stable relationships have?
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personal idioms, pet names
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What are personal idioms?
What are pet names/ example? |
use a certain word or phrase that only you know what it means
show affection, show private worlds, ex: baby, babe, cupcake, heiny |
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What does it mean for relationships to be static or dynamic?
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static: stay the same
dynamic: change |
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What is a progressive spiral?
What is a regressive spiral? |
positivness- good builds on good
negativness- bad builds on bad |
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Brian looks up, and Gabby becomes annoyed, bad builds on bad, what is this an example of ?
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regressive spiral
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What are the 4 reasons a relationship may end?
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Dissatisfaction with partner
Dissatisfaction with others Dissatisfaction with relationship Problems with circumstances |
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How may a relationship end via passing away?
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1. New intimate enters the scene
2. Expanding interaction distance 3. Individual psychical/ psychological development. |
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How may a relationship end via sudden death?
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1. death of a partner
2. external and interal factors (ex: passing away) 3. unilateral action after unfulfilled promise (ex: quit drinking, but really didnt) 4. mismatched goals for relationship (ex: wanting to move in but partner doesn't want to) 5. unforseen event 6. violations of rules of relationship (ex:cheating) |
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Managment of theories do what?
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suggest that communications between managers and employees impact the working envirnoment
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What is the scientific management theory? What did he believe in organization as?
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1880's - 90's
Frederick Taylor: One best way Organization as a Machine Authority Employee motivated by material rewards |
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What are hawthorne studies?
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workers respond positively to **attention** (good or bad) from others
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What are the uses of communication technologies in organizations?
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1. fastens organization
2. democratic organizaitons 3. rapid feedback 4. communication across organizational boundaries, geographic distances |
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iclicker** What are the advantages of the uses of communications technologies in organizations?
Is NOT? |
- more information sharing
- rapid feedback - effective teamwork among dispersed employees - information overload |
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What are the two channels of communication in an organization/define them/example?
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Formal: "official" lines of comm.
Informal: " unofficial" Ex: Rachel smokes? video |
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What is formal communication?
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-helps maintain authority in organizations
- might be time consuming - generally in written forms ex: memos, policy, rules, procedures, reports, newsletters |
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What is informal communication?
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- helps satisfy personal needs of the members of an organization
- may generate conflicts - generally in oral form - social relationships of members in an organization |
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What are the 2 types of communication networks?
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Internal: how organization communicates within the organization
External networks: how organizaiton communicates with customers, public |
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What are examples of internal/external networks?
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internal: newsletters, meetings
external: advertising, marketing, public relations |
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What is the flow of messages?
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Part of the internal network (which is part of communication networks)
- upward, downward, horizontal |
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What is an example of a downward, upward, and horizontal flow of messages in communication networks?
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Downward -
upward- mum effect horizontal - giving feedback, support, sharing ideas |
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what is organizational culture?
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- the use of symbols, events, traditions, standardized verbal and nonverbal behavior, patterns, folk tales, rules, and rituals that give the organization its character or personality
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What is an example of nonverbal communication and organizational culture?
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Arrangement of office 1 (orginal-cubicle) vs. office 2 (more interactive)
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What are the functions of organizational cultures?
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- reflects the values of an organization
- gives members an organizational identity and sense of belonging - serves as sense making tool that guides and shapes the behaviors of employees |
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iclicker: Considering the definition of organizational culture and its several functions, which school of organizational management is least likely to care about organizational culture?
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Scientific Management
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What is a group?
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Individuals with varying motivations emotional makeup and attachments, perspectives, and needs who come together to negotiate a framework for communication that PERMITS COLLECTIVE ACTIONS
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What are contrived groups?
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not chosen personally
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What are emergent groups
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chosen personally
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What are formal/informal groups?
What are rigid role structure/flexible role structure? What are task orientation/social orientation? |
--fill--
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How are group tasks distributed?
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duplicated acitivity, assembly line- each person has different task
judgmental/problem solving |
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What is an assembly line?
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each person has different task
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Professor Mandelbaum assigns class members into groups for a specific project. She tells each group to make a paper airplane. The instructions are, the first person should do one fold, the second person to do the next, and so on. This is an example of:
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- Contrived, assembly-line group
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What are the 4 types of group network?
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circle, wheel (t shaped), chain (linear), all channel
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a group of teams have formed a club. They appointed Elissa to be the leader. If there are problems or requests, they need to go to Elissa. They are not permitted to talk to any of the other members of the club about information pertaining to the club. Elissa is the only member permitted to speak with other members. This group communication network is best described as:
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wheel network
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What are the stages of group development for task-orientated groups?
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Orientation
Conflict Emergence (a lot like the intensification phase in relationship development) Reinforcement |
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What does it mean to HAVE CONTEXT vs DO CONTEXT?
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have- context shapes communication
do- communication shapes context |
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Whats an example of doing context?
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Class - lecture hall can be straight lecture, or participation and interactive
ex. public speaking context |
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How does vocabulary play into context/ex.?
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Public speaking vidoe of english woman
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What are techniques for getting claps?
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contrasts, lists of 3, set em up and knock em down
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According to the claptrap video that we watched in class, which of the following are techniques that a speaker can use that may result in audiences clapping
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list of three, contrasts, set them up and knock them down
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In Human Relations, decision making is ..
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two way
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In Systems School, organizations are a ___ system with an ____ of components and an ___ to the environment
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Compex;interdependence;adaptation
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In the Quality approach, how are each theory used?
What's its main focus? |
Scientific management: continous improvement of work by tenants
Human relations: involvement and collaboration Systems: responsive to demands and opportunities TEAM WORK |
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What is Miller and Steinberg's Theory?
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As we meet someone- non interpersonal knowledge (sociological/cultural)
As we get to know someone - interpersonal knowledge (psychological) |
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Who were Altman and Taylor?
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All about social disclosure (how we get to know someone) and social penetration (onion metaphor)
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What is the onion metaphor?
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social penetration
the self is revealed through layers outter layer (breath) - family, public knowledge inner layer (depth)- values/religion |
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What is social presence? What is high vs. low social prescence
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A type of "space" which is one dimension of communication technology
High-face to face Low- business letter |
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The view of self as something we have is ...
The view of self as something we do is... |
personality
contstructed |
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What are the communication related traits (8)/define each?
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Cognitive complexity: the more different ways you think, the more cognitively complex you are.
Loquaciousness: talking a lot Communication Apprehhension: fear of communicating Shyness Machiavellianism: ability to manipulate Affinity Seeking: fleeing to those who are most like you "birds of a feather, flock together" Self Monitoring: analyzing and adjusting your own actions to achieve a particular goal high- care about what other ppl think low- don't give a shit Self Reflexiveness: looking at your own actions |
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To reduce the multiplicity of selves, we must stay what?
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authentic-true to ourself
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Who's theory focus on the historical views of self and what are they (define each)?
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Saturated self: new technological changes impact self
Romantic: authenticity/misanthrope (moliere) Modern: self becomes scientific and measurable Post Modern: relational self (self developed through RELATIONSHIPS |
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What is the "conclusion" put into Mandelbaums notes about self?/ Example.
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Self is constructed by who we are around (relationships)
- Ex: seinfield, Jerry says the George from Brooklyn is different than the George in a relationship Independent George vs. Relationship George |
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What are the 3 different ways to construct the self through communication?
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Tie Signs (Goffman)
Expressions Given Expressions Given off |
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What are the 2 primary self feelings?
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hurt, pride
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What are the 2 aspects of the communication climate?
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Defensive and Supportive
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What are the 6 parts of defensive communication climate?
What are the 6 parts of the Supportive climate? |
1. evaluation
2. control 3. neutrality 4. certainty 5. superiority 6. strategy 1. description 2. problem orientation 3. spontaneity 4. empathy 5. equality 6. provisionalism |
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What is counter dependency vs. dependency
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Counter dependency- always disagree
Dependency- rely on others, agree always |
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What is a microwave relationship?
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Gergen's thoery that part of the relationships in the new millennium, ... may become intense very quickly
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As part of the relationships in the new millennium, the impact of cell phones is seen as what?
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an easier way to stay in touch
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What is the pure relationship?
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Gidden's theory that for the good of each person, part of the new millenium, is that each person can get out of it if needed.
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What is an organization?
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group of people organized with a common goal
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What is to have vs. do an organization?
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have - shaped by organizational structure
do- formative organizational strucutre |
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What are the two components of an organization/ what falls under each category?
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Physical- buildings, ppl, offices
Non physical- goals, culture, values, |
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What are the 3 group roles?
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1. task orientated roles
2. group building roles 3. individualistic roles |
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What are the roles within the 3 categories of group roles?
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Task - coordinator, opinion seeker, evaluator
Group building - harmonizer, follower individualistic- aggressor, blocker, recognition-seeker |
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What can affect group dynamics/ describe each?
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1. Task difficulty (effort required to complete the job)
2. Solution multiplicity (more than 1 solution available) 3. Interest (lack of interest) 4. Cooperation requirement (the degree to which cooperation is required) |
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Name all the have vs. do
culture self relationships organizational context |
Culture
Have- culture shapes us Do- we construct culture via comm. Self have- personality, authenticity do- self is constructed via comm.(RELATIONSHIPS) Relationships have- static, fixed, do- dynamic, changing Organizational have- shaped by organizational structure do- form organizational structure Context have-context shapes us do- we shape the context via comm. |
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What are the two examples of "do" context?
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lecture style classroom
- communication makes it more interactive, despite that the "have" context of it is non-intergrating public speaking video of english woman - communicating with your audience shapes the context of the environment |
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What are the 3 techniques for getting claps
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contrasts, lists of 3, set em up knock em down
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Who said "you cannnot not communicate"
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watzlawick, beavin, jackson
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What are native/personal theories/example?
What do they help us do? |
Based on: experience, private, stable
describe, explain, predit, control ex: family photo |
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What is a scholarly theory?
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Based on: systematic oberservation, questioned/studied, public
1. reliability, validity, utility |
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Whats a paradigm?
Whats an anomaly? |
broadframework that guides scholars
inconsitency or discreptant observation that challenges the paradigm |
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What are the communication paradigms/ anomaly?
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SMR=E
MS not = MR |
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What is a two way model vs. one way model?
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Two way: meaning creation
One way: SMR=E, information transmission |
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What are the 3 parts of the systems theory?
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parts, boundaries, environments
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What are the parts of system/what does that mean/example?
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interconnected and interdependent-they function off of one another,
ex: iclicker, professor, students |
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What are the boundaries of system/example?
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edges of a system that hold it together
ex: walls, pan holding a cake |
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What is the difference between an open/closed system/ example
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open=in and and out/ give and take with the environment
ex: the classroom closed= no flow |
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How is the systems theory relevant to the study of communication?
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Communication enables systems to operate AS systems
INTERDEPENDENCE |
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What did Marcia and Donny-Stalled conversation represent
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the paradigm of ordinary conversation
native background of communication is different than scholarly theories of communication |
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What are the 3 visible aspects of communication?
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1. interactants
2. symbols 3. media |
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What type of relationships do all symbols have?
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arbitrary-
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What are the 2 aspects of media?
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permanence:recordings
portability: phones |
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What are the invisible aspects of communication?
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meaning
learning subjectivity negotiation culture self reference self reflexivity ethics inevitability interacting context and levels |
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What do meanings get/define?
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intersubjectified: shared, standardized through communication with others
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What is intersubjectified?
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invisibile aspect of comm.-->meaning-->
intersubjectified: shared, standardized through communication |
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What are the two types of learning?
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first order information processing
second order |
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What is first order information processing?
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ex: reaction from touching heat, reflexes, NO SYMBOLS
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What is second order information processing?
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ex: kids learning trick or treat and halloweed. SYMBOLs
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What is subjectivity?
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no 2 ppl attach the same meaning to messages around us
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What is negotiation?
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deals with how meaning is arrived
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What is culture?
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shared meaning/views of reality
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What is self reference?
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presentation of self
ex: saying a food is spicy, your telling something about yourself |
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What is self reflexivity?
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ex: reflecting on our experiences and interactions
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What are ethics?
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--fill--
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What is inevitability
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"You cannot not communicate"
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What is interacting context and levels
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the group level is an impact on the relationships level
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The relationship between the dog and furry thing it represents
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arbitary
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A red light, the American flag, and Eiffel towel are examples of
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symbols
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Learning "trick or treat"
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second order information processing
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"Who says what to whom in what channel"
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Laswell
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Shannon and Weaver's term for any distortion that interferes with transmission of signal
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noise
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- When we discussed a photograph in class, these enabled us to describe, explain and predict things about people in the photo:
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native theories
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Dance's helical spiral model of comm:
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time
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communication
communications |
refers to the activity of sending and receiving messages, and to the discipline as a whole, an academic discipline
refers to technologies or to specific messages that are transmitted through media, fields like PR or marketing |
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Human communication is a ___
Book defintion: create and use vs. Class defintion: receive and respond |
process
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Their model two WAY process
Their model two STEP |
Watzlavick , Beavin , Jackson
Katz and Lazerfield |
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What is a message?
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any symbol or collection of symbols which has meaning or utility
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What is intersubjectified?
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symbols and meanings become shared
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Shannon and Weaver's model is (one way or two way)
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one way
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What are the 4 components of language? define each.
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Phonology: sounds
Syntax: grammar Semantics: meaning (principle of non allness, non-identity, self reflexivness) (Sapir Wharof Hypothesis-->Linguistic Determinisim vs. Linguistic Relativity) Pragmatics: language in use (content and relationships) |
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How do we make meaning(semantics)?
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interactivly constructed
principle of non-identity principle of non allness principle of self reflexivness |
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What does ...
interactively constructed principle of non-identity principle of non-allness principle of self-reflexiveness |
principle of non-identity:words arent the same as real things they represent
ex: dog, chien principle of non allness - words we use arent the same as what we mean - ex: the map is not the territory principle of self reflexivness - metacommunication: talk about talk |
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What is metacommunication?
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semantics (meaning)-->principle of self reflexivness-->
: talk about talk |
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What is the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis?
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our language influences our perceptions, thoughts, behaviors
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What is pragmatics?
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language in use
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What gets done via language(pragmatics)?
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content-what people talk about
relationship- how people represent themselves |
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What are the 5 parts of nonverbal communication?
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Proxemics: use of space
Haptics: use of tuch Kinesics: body movement Physique: Chronemics: timing |
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What message does touch convey?
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power, solidarity, tie signs
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What are the 5 aspects of kinesics?
nonverbal->kinesics->aspects |
emblems: verbal translation
illustrators: "chopping onions," while doing chopping motion Baton signals: emphsazies by a body behavior Adaptors:self/other |
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What are the 3 body types?
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endomorph- big
mesomorph- regular ectomorph- lean |
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What are the 6 relationships between verbal and nonverbal communication?
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repeat: pointing
contradict: saying YES I LOVE YOU in a mean and bitter tone substitute for: while talking on the phone, moving the hands forward telling to come in the house complement: while appologizing, the face goes red. its not directly saying your sorry but its complementing your embarassed regulate: "huh" sound when wanting to talk accent/emphasize: telling a child to come here now hands go with what you are saying |
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What is projectability and its 3 components?
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used to know when to talk
- prossidy, grammar, pragmatics |
