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33 Cards in this Set
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Apraxia |
Disorder in which speech production is slow and disfluent, and intonation is flat and monotonous |
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Dysarthria |
Speech disorder caused by damage to CNS/PNS that causes muscle disfunction, weakness, incoordination, or paralysis |
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Congenital dysarthria |
Speech disorder caused by damage to CNS/PNS near time of birth, causing weak or paralyzed muscles that lead to speech problems |
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Damage to what part of the brain causes apraxia? |
Frontal lobe |
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What are some types of dysarthria? |
Dysarthria due to damage to just one cranial nerve, vs. dysarthria due to damage to an entire system as with Parkinson's |
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What are some characteristics of childhood apraxia of speech? |
Simple syllable shapes, vowel errors, inconsistent speech sound production, altered intonation and word stress, frequent use of early consonant sounds like /m/, /p/, /b/ |
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Acquired apraxia of speech |
Disorder in planning and programming of speech movement due to left frontal lobe brain damage |
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What are some prosodic characteristics of acquired apraxia of speech? |
Slow rate, prolonged consonants and vowels, pauses between words, halting rhythm, self-corrections, searching for articulatory positions, and even stress in syllables or one-at-a-time syllables |
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What are some speech sound errors people with AOS produce? |
Errors in places of articulation, esp. if distance between points of articulation in a word are further apart; substitution of more complex consonants with less complex consonants |
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Cerebral Palsy |
Injuries to nervous system near time of birth that causes deficits in visual, auditory, intellectual, and motor functions during critical development periods for speech and language |
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What are primary causes of Cerebral Palsy? Divide into three sections. |
Anoxia (restricted oxygen supply to brain) and trauma to the brain. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal. |
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What are the three ways Cerebral Palsy is classified? |
Orthopedic, neuromuscular characteristics, severity |
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Spasticity |
Abnormal resistance to muscle lengthening, produced by hypersensitivity of muscle stretch reflexes--when a person tries to extend a limb, the muscles resist the movement |
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Athetoid Cerebral Palsy |
Involuntary movements characterized by twisting and writhing, progressing from body to limbs and extremities |
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Athetoid CP is due to damage of what? |
Basal ganglia and associated components of extrapyramidal tract |
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Ataxic CP is characterized by? |
Disturbance in movement coordination; i.e. errors in speed, direction, accuracy |
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Rigid cerebral palsy is characterized by? |
Balanced hypertonicity and rigidity, due to increased tone in muscles at both sides of the joint |
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Tremor CP is characterized by? |
Rhythmic involuntary movements, or tremors |
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Characteristics of Mild Severity of CP |
Self-help skills are adequate for personal needs; no significant speech problems; walks without help; no treatment necessary |
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Characteristics of Moderate CP |
Impaired speech; special equipment may be needed for walking; habilitation therapy needed as self-help skills not sufficient for daily care |
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Characteristics of Severe CP |
Poor prognosis for self-help skills, walking, and functional speech even with treatment and use of adaptive equipment |
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Flaccid dysarthria |
Weakness of muscles due to damage to lower motor neuron leads to breathy phonation, hypernasality, weak stops and fricatives, imprecise articulation, and reduced phrase length |
Marked by paralyzed nerves and muscle atrophy |
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Spastic Dysarthria |
Muscle spasms due to hypertonicity and hyperreflexia leads to imprecise articulation, slow rate, short phrases, reduced loudness, pitch variation, and harsh voice quality |
Entire speech musculature of speech is affected |
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Ataxic Dysarthria |
Normal reflexes but inaccurate and dysrhythmic movements leads to monotonous prosody, disruptions in stress patterns, slow speech rate, increased vowel duration |
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Hypokinetic Dysarthria |
Hypertoned and rigid muscles lead to reduced movement and resting tremors, difficulty starting and stopping movements; accelerated and short rushes of speech, flat speech melody with monoloudness and reduced intensity |
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Hyperkinetic dysarthria |
Involuntary movements during movement that lead to hesitations and unusual pauses in speech, short phrases, long pauses, breathy or strangled voice quality |
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Examples of diseases that cause mixed dysarthrias |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis |
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Assessment of Individuals with Dysarthria Includes Assessment of What Areas? |
Oral-Peripheral, Respiration, Phonation, Velopharyngeal, Articulation |
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Comprehensibility |
Adjustments speaker and communication partner make, and environmental alterations undertaken to facilitate successful exchanges of meaning |
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Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment |
Reflexes and voluntary movements of structures during speech and non-speech tasks, like moving tongue side to side, pushing tongue against cheeks, etc. |
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What typically causes adult apraxia? |
Stroke or TBI |
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How many children in 1,000 have childhood apraxia of speech? |
1 or 2 in 1,000 |
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Ataxic Cerebral Palsy results from damage where? |
To the cerebellum |
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