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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interpersonal Communication
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An association between two people
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Motives for interpersonal communication
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Affection
Inclusion Power |
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Affection
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Ranges from seeking to be loved to seeking to be hated
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Inclusion
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Ranges from total inclusion to complete exclusion
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Power
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Ranges from seeking total power to relinquish completely
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Three types of interpersonal communication
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Task oriented
Relationship oriented Image oriented |
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Task oriented
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Getting something done
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Relationship oriented
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Creating, maintaining or dissolving a relationship
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Image oriented
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How people see you, how you portray yourself
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Six influences on an interpersonal exchange
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Perception of self
Perception of other Perception of other person's perception of you Other's self perception Other's perception of "you" Other's perception of "your" perception of him/her |
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Self-concept
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The underlying truth about yourself
What you assume to be true about yourself |
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Self-esteem
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How you feel about elements of your self-concept
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Passive information gathering
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Information that comes to you
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Active information gathering
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Information you seek out
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Interactive information gathering
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When you have exchanges with the person you're getting information from
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Two problems with perceptions
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Fundamental attribution error
Third-person effect |
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Fundamental attribution error
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Relying on the idea of self-bias
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Third-person effect
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Dismissing effects to yourself but assuming they are true for others
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Five influences of perceptions
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Availability/access
Primacy/recency effect Perpetual accentuation Mediated v. unmediated exchanges Levels/measures of discourse |
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Availability/access
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the more access you have, the more you'll take them for granted and not pay as much attention
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Primacy/recency effect
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We tend to remember the first and most recent conversations with someone
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Perpetual accentuation
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We look for certain characteristics and ideas that we are interested in. We will accentuate those characteristics.
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Mediated v. Unmediated exchanges
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Anonymity (can change the way we build perceptions), asynchoronicity (not happening at the same time) and all previous effects
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Levels/measures of discourse
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The giving of information and self-disclosure:
Amount (# of things you tell someone) Intimacy (How personal that information is) Valence (positive or negative info) Intent (if you mean to disclose it) Veracity (measure of truthfulness) |
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Johari Window
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Arena- known to self and known to others
Blind spot- not known to self and known to others Facade- known to self and not known to others Unknown- not known to self and not known to others We expect people to reciprocate and take turns (norm of temporal sequence) Amount of time you pause vs. amount of time you respond |
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Four factors of interpersonal attraction
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Physical attractiveness
Similarity attraction theory- we are drawn to those similar to us (matching effect) Reciprocal liking- I like you if you like me Rewards- good things outweigh bad? |
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Seven Types of Love
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Liking- intimacy (friendship)
Infatuated love- passion (puppy love) Empty love- commitment (bad marriage) Romantic love- passion and intimacy (affair) Companionate love- intimacy and commitment (marriage where partners are more friends than lovers) Fatuous love- passion and commitment (love at first sight) Consummate love- intimacy, passion and commitment (most satisfying adult relationship) |
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Knapp's Model
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Initiating
Experimenting Intensifying Integrating Bonding Differentiating Circumscribing Stagnating Avoiding Terminating |
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Five "secret tests" during initiating stage
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Endurance- requires a partner to tolerate unpleasant behavior
Public presentation- test intensity of relationship by introducing partner as boyfriend/girlfriend and seeing if they're comfortable Separation- keep partners away from each other and see if it works Third-party questioning- asks friend to figure out relationship intensity Triangle tests- involve asking a friend to make the partner jealous by asking a friend to act interested in you |
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Dialectical Tensions
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Contradictions- desires contradict each other
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Social penetration theory
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Onion!
Superficial Intimate Personal Core |
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Why do we form relationships?
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Need to belong
Need for human connection is an imperative Oxytocin- an affiliative neuropeptide |
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Connection bid
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Any attempt to engage another person in a positive transaction
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Uncertainty reduction theory
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Entry Stage- behavioral norms
Second Stage- More personal phase- get a feel for attitudes, values and beliefs Final Stage- decide whether you want to pursue a relationship |
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Journalism plays an important part in three of the four main functions of mass communication:
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Surveillance
Correlation Cultural Transmission |
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Notable journalists for minority newspapers
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Frederick Douglass
Mary Shadd Cary Ida B Wells |
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Hutchins Commission
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Written by Robert Maynard Hutchins and 12 others
Argued that the public has the right to information that affects it and that the press has a responsibility to present that information. Because the press enjoys constitutionally guaranteed freedom the press carries an additional moral duty to fulfill that responsibility Recommended that agencies of mass communication assume the responsibility of financing new, experimental activities in their fields, vigorous mutual criticsm and academic-professional centers of advance study, research and publication in the field of communications |
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Types of Journalism
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Interpretive reporting
New Journalism Advocacy Journalism Alternative Journalism Public Journalism Sensational Journalism |
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Interpretive Reporting
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Tries to explain the story by placing the facts into broader context
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New Journalism
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Used literary techniques
Narrative Truman Capte, Tom Wolfe, Norman Mailer |
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Advocacy Journalism
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Keeps the muckraker's critique of society firmly in focus
Maintains strong commitment to political and social reform Early environmental journalism |
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Alternative Journalism
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Often called radical journalism
Purposely defied the conventions of professional journalism Most readers were working class- not desirable customers and do not draw many advertisers |
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Public Journalism
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Aka civic journalism
Developed by editors and journalists in reaction to poor coverage Less radical approach to engaging the public than alternative journalism Expands watchdog role but tries to engage citizenry more closely with creating and discussing news |
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SPJ Code of Ethics
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1. Test the accuracy of the information.
2. Seek out subjects of news stories and give them the opportunity to respond to wrongdoing. 3. Identify sources whenever feasible. 4. Do not misrepresent. 5. Never distort the content of news photos or videos. 6. Avoid misleading reenactments. 7. Support open exchange of views. 8. Avoid undercover or other surreptitious methods of gathering information. |
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Four step model of PR
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a. Research stage: Answers the question, "What is the problem?"
b. Planning stage: Answers the question, "What should we do about the problem? c. Action/communication stage: The actual communication takes place here d. Evaluation stage: Answers the question, "How did we do?" |
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Three responsibilities of a CCO
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Internal relations
Managing the public relations staff Issues management |
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Full service agencies
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Offer a full spectrum of services
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Public Affairs Agencies
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Focus on developing advocacy positions for or against legislative initiatives, organizing grassroots campaigns, lobbying members of Congress and other government leaders or coaching their clients to do so
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Strategic Counsel Services
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Focus specifically on "strategic communication." Including mergers, acquisitions, investor relations and defending hostile takeovers
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Corporate Identity Services
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Develop strategies and programs for both organizations and brands. Utilize extensive research to develop brand platforms for their clients that build on the existing perceptions of companies or their products.
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Corporate Social Responsibility
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Work with clients to determine areas in which the can match their areas of expertise with global human needs
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New industry trends affecting agencies
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Outsourcing
Virtual teams External research Internal research Global reach |
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Government Relations
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The branch of PR that helps an organization communicate with governmental publics
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Public Affairs
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Type of PR that helps an organization interact with the government, legislators, interest groups and the media
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Six Steps of Issues Management
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1. Identify public issues and trends in public expectations
2. Evaluate their impact and set priorities 3. Conduct research and analysis 4. Develop strategy 5. Implement strategy 6. Evaluate strategy |
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Examples of non-traditional advertising
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1.Product ads- market a product or a product line
a. The Product as an ad- get a cereal sample with coupon in the mail 2. Service ads- often show what it's like without then with service 3. Goodwill ads- related forms are more specific in connecting their appeals to a product 4. Advocacy ads- produced when companies take a position on public policy in the ad 5. Direct Response ads- infomercials asking you to call and order |
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Non-Traditional Advertising
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In-Store Advertising
Digital Billboards Search Advertising Sponsored Links Spam |
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Harold Burson
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How should we say it?
What should we say? How should we do it? What should we do? |
