Cognitive Psych - Midterm 1

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Cognitive Psychology

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study of the mental operations that support people's acquisition and use of knowledge

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Sensory store

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part of the memory that holds unanalyzed information for a fraction of a second. Allows for additional analysis after physical termination of stimulus

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Filter

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Determines which of the stimuli will be recognized

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Pattern Recognition

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stage of perception where a pattern is recognized.

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Selection

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determines which information a person will try to remember

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Short Term Memory (STM)

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limited capacity

last for a very short period of time

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Long Term Memory (LTM)

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memory that has no capacity limits and lasts from minutes to a life time

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Bottom-up processing

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sensory store --> LTM

driven by sense organs

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Top-down Processing

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LTM ---> sensory store

driven by knowledge of the world

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Template Theory

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Pattern Recognition Theory

unanalyzed pattern is matched against a template pattern.

Problem: to make matches possible we'd have to store millions of versions for every object

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Feature Theory

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Pattern Recognition Theory

describes patterns in terms of their parts/features

Problem: features are small templates/

if spatial relationship isn't right neither is the image

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Structural Theory

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Pattern Recognition Theory

specifies how features of a pattern are joined to other features of the same pattern (uses Geons)

Problem: not always sufficient enough to distinguish one object from another

Ex. apples to pears

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Geons

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Part of Structural theory

different 3D shapes that combine to form 3D patterns

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Sperling's Model

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Information Processing Stages

consists of a visual information store, scanning, rehearsal, and auditory information store

found cognitive operations happened by parallel processing not serial processing

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parallel processing

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carrying out more than one operation at a time

Ex. looking at art and talking

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Serial Processing

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carrying out one operation at a time

(old way of thinking)

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Rumelhart's Model

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Information processing stages

assumes that recognition occurs by identification of the features of a pattern

feature recognition occurs simultaneously but takes time to process.

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The Word Superiority Effect

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recognizing a letter is easier when it is in a word.

(top-down processing)

R

A R T <-- easiest way to recognize R

T R J

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Interactive Activation Model

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Theory about the word-superiority effect

assume there are three levels that interact to determine what we perceive

(features, letters, word)

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Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

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when information is simultaneously collected from different sources and combined to reach a decision

Ex. Neural network models

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Neural Network Model

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PDP

1. a set of processing units (Nodes)

2. a pattern of connections among nodes

3. Activation rules for nodes(how connections combine)

4. A state of activation

5.output functions of nodes

6. A learning rule

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Exogenous attention

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External attention

thingsin the world grab our attention

Ex. Fire alarms

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Endogenous attention

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Internal attention

ourthoughts lead us to look in particular objects

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Bottleneck Theory

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attempt to explain how people select information when some info-processing stages become overloaded

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Broadbent's Filter Model

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Bottleneck theory

bottleneck occurs at the pattern recognition stage and that attention determines what information reaches the pattern recognition phase.

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Treisman's Attenuation Model

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Bottleneck Theory

Basicidea is that an unattended message is not discarded right away - it is attenuated (weakened)

bottleneck occurs at the filter stage effecting of the message gets to pattern recognition

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Deutsch-Norman Memory Selection model

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Bottleneck Theory

bottleneck placed after pattern recognition stage.

Problem of selection into memory after perception has occured

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Capacity Theory

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concerned with the amount of mental effort required to perform a task

observers have some control over where the bottleneck occurs

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Kahneman's Attention and Effort

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Capacity theory

there is a general limit on a person's capacity to perform a mental task

designed to supplement bottleneck not replace

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enduring disposition

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in capacity theory

an automatic influence to which people direct their attention

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momentary intention

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in capacity theory

a conscious decision to allocate attention to certain tasks or aspects of the environment

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Multimodal theory

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capacity theory

people's intentions and the demands of the task determine the information processing stage at which information is selected

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automatic processing

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performing mental operations that require very little mental effort

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stroop effect

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the finding that it takes longer to name the colour of the ink when the word says a different colour

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automatic encoding

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two kinds of memory activity

those that require considerable effort or capacity

effortless proccessing - supports incidental learning

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incidental learning

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learning that occurs when we do not consciously make an effort o learn

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frequency information

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automatic encoding

data that specifies how often different stimuli occur

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spatial information

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automatic encoding

data about where objects occur in the environment

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Working memory

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the use of short-term memory as a temporary store for information needed to accomplish a particular task

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Interference Theory

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proposal that forgetting occurs because other material interferes with the information in memory

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Decay Theory

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proposal that information is lost spontaneously over time, even when there is no interference from other materials

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Retroactive interference

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forgetting that occurs because of information that happens after learning

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Proactive Interference

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forgetting that occurs because of information that happens before learning

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Anterograde amnesia

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inability to remember things that happened after brain damage. (Implies inability to transfer new memories from STM to LTM)

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Retrograde amnesia:

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inability to remember things that happenedbefore brain damage (Implies inability to retrieve existing memories from LTM)

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Chunks

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a cluster of items that have been stored as a unit in long term memory

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Memory set

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a set of items in STM that can be compared against a test item to determine whether the test item is stored there

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self-terminating search

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a search that continues until the test item successfully matches with an item in the memory test

opposite of exhaustive

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Exhaustive search

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a search that continues until the test item is compared with every item in the memory set.

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Baddeley's Working Memory Model

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consists of 3 components

Phonological loop

Visuospatial sketchpad

Central executive

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Phonological loop

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Baddeley's Working Memory Model

maintains and manipulates acoutsic information

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Visuospatial sketchpad

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Baddeley's Working Memory Model

maintains and manipulates visual/spatial information

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Central executive

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Baddeley's Working Memory Model

manages the use of the working memory

sometimes we have to create the chunks

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The Episodic buffer

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Part of Baddeley's Revised Working Memory Model

storage system that can integrate memory codes from different modalities