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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Source Credibility Appeals |
Appeals based on the personal attractiveness of the communicator to the audience |
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Trustworthiness |
Character or integrity |
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Competency |
Expertise in a given area |
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Status |
Standing in relationship to others |
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Dynamism |
Boldness, energy and assertiveness |
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Sociability |
Likeability |
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Logical Appeals |
Appeals based on logic and reasoning |
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Emotional Appeals |
Appeals based on the expected emotional response of an audience |
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Channel |
Medium used to transmit a message |
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Effects |
Intended or unintended impact(s) of a message |
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Information Source |
Where the message is concieved |
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Transmitter |
Mechanism for encoding the message |
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Signal |
The message |
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Reciever |
Mechanism for decoding the message |
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Destination |
Where the message ends up |
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Noise |
Interference that occurs in the transmitting or receiving of signals |
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Feedback |
Response to a message or activity |
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External Noise |
Interference from an environmental source |
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Internal Noise |
Interference from an internal source |
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Psysiological Noise |
Interference from a biological condition or function |
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Psychological Noise |
Interference from a mental state |
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Field of Experience |
Totality of all we are at the moment of communication |
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Culture |
The shared ideas, traditions, norms, symbols, and values that define a community |
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Lasswell's Effects Model |
- Linear - pg 7 |
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Shannon-Weaver mathematical model |
- Linear or cyclical (revised) - Has noise - pg 8 |
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Dance Model |
- No fixed beginning or end - pg 11 |
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Barnlunds Transactional Model |
Participants act simultaneously as senders and receivers |
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Transactional Theory |
Communication is a dynamic process, involving continuous changes in communicators and environments |
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Paralanguage |
Elements of speech that are not recognized as language |
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Standpoint Theory |
Theory that holds that our background and experiences determine our perspective |
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Reward Power |
Power that comes from offering benefits or gifts |
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Legitimate Power |
Power that comes from holding an office, title, or other legitimate position |
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Expert or Information Power |
Power that comes from knowledge or expertise |
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Coercive Power |
Power that comes from making threats or intimidations |
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Referent Power |
Power that comes from personal attractiveness |
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Trickle-Down Access |
Controlled and restricted access to information, flowing mostly downwards |
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Simultaneous Access |
Unrestricted access to information flowing from mass media and reaching everyone at the same time |
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Open Access |
Unrestricted and uncontrolled sharing of information on open platforms, accessible to anyone |
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Reference Group |
A group whose opinions we value and in which we hold or aspire to membership |
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Self-concept |
Relatively constant thoughts and feelings about who we are and how we differ from other people |
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Self-Image |
Our views of ourselves |
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Looking-Glass Self |
How we think others see us |
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Ideal Self |
Who we aspire to be |
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Real Self |
Who we actually are |
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Self-Esteem |
Our perception of our overall value |
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Self-Efficacy |
Our perceived ability to accomplish something or make a difference |
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Global Self-Esteem |
Self-esteem that shows in many aspects of our lives |
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Life Scripts |
Storylines that we create to guide us through life |
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy |
A prediction or belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
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Social Comparison Theory |
Theory that holds that we look to others for a standard of comparison |
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Assimilation Effect |
Heightened self-esteem following a favourable social comparison |
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Contrast effect |
Feelings of inadequacy and lowered self esteem following an unfavourable social comparison |
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Significant others |
People whose opinions matter to us and influence how we perceive ourselves |
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Cyberbullying |
Malicious communications in the form of texts, e-mails, or posting on social and personal websites |
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Body-Image Disturbance |
Reduced levels of satisfaction with our bodies and a downward spiral in how we see our physical selves |
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Myth of Perfection |
The false notion that a state of perfection exists and is attainable |
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Self-enhancement |
The tendency to pay more attention to information that supports a positive view of the self |
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Self-criticism |
The tendency to pay more attention to information that supports a negative view of the self |
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Self-serving Bias |
The tendency to credit our successes to internal or personal factors and our failures to external or situational factors |
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Individualism |
Focus on individual needs and goals |
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Collectivism |
Focus on group needs and goals |
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Face Work |
Politeness strategies aimed at making other people feel better about themselves |
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Perception |
The process of sensing, interpreting, and reacting to the physical world |
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Stereotypes |
Popularly held beliefs about a type of person or a group of persons that do not take individual differences into account |
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Breadth of Perceptual Field |
The amount of information we take into our visual or other perceptual systems |
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Optical Communities |
A social group that shares a similar view of the world |
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Own-race Bias |
The idea that accuracy increases when we identify specific members of our own race |
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Out-group |
A group of which one is not a member |
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Selective Perception |
The process by which we see and retain certain kinds of information while ignoring or discarding other kinds of information |
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Load-induced Blindness |
Inability to see as a result of information overload in the visual field |
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Self-serving |
A focus on what serves our own purposes and makes us look best |
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Warrenting theory |
Theory that says we are more likely to believe information that someone cannot manipulate |
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Impression Formation Theory |
Theory related to how we put together different pieces of information to form an impression of a person |
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Tar Effect |
A tendency to dislike the person who criticizes someone else rather than disliking the person who is criticized |
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Self-categorization Theory |
The idea that we see ourselves as both individuals AND group members, whereas we see others as either individuals OR group members |
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Perspective Taking |
Looking at a situation from the other person's point of view |
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Counter-stereotyping |
Effort to eliminate stereotypes by focusing on similarities |
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Active perceivers |
Individuals who choose the amount and type of information they receive |
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Passive receivers |
Individuals who rely on others to select information for them |
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Perception Checking |
A process for confirming what we think we have seen, heard, or experienced |
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Low-context Cultures |
Cultures that rely heavily on words rather than context |
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High-context cultures |
Cultures that place great importance on context and rely to a lesser degree on words |
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Communication Predicament of Aging (CPA) Model |
A model that predicts the relationship among aging cues, stereotyping, and communication behaviour |
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Identity |
The characteristics that allow others to recognize us |
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Collective Identify |
The characteristics of our personal identity that we share with members of a larger group |
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Gender Identity |
Characteristics we share with others of a particular gender |
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Androgenous |
A mix of both masculine and feminine traits |
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Undifferentiated |
Low scores on both feminine and masculine traits |
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Ethnic Identity |
Characteristics we share with others with a common ancestry |
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Racial Identity |
Characteristics we share with others with respect to racial heritage |
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Religious Identity |
Characteristics that relate to a belief system and/or a sense of belonging to a particular religion |
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Linguistic Identity |
Characteristics we share with others who speak a common language |
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Cultural Identity |
Characteristics we share with others from the same or similar cultural backgrounds |
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Assimilation |
The process of being absorbed into a larger group |
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Regional Identity |
Characteristics we share with others from a particular region of a country |
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National Identity |
Characteristics we share with others from a particular country |
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Historical Self |
An outdated self, someone who used to be |
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Concealable Stigmatized Identity |
An identity that carries a stigma and that can be hidden from others |
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Self-verification Theory |
Theory that says that we want others to see us as we see ourselves |
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Self-monitoring |
The extent to which we regulate our behaviours in order to look good to others |
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High self-monitors |
People who are very aware of the opinions of others |
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Low self-monitors |
People who do not worry about the opinions of others |
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Impression Management |
The way we create impressions of ourselves in the eyes of others |
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Beneficial Impression Management |
Efforts to create positive impressions of close others |
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Hedging |
Using words that show uncertainty or reduce the negative impact of what we are saying |
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Bullying |
A form of agressive behaviour that includes punching, name calling, or spreading rumours |
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Social Presence Theory |
Theory that explores the effects of sensing another's presence in a social interaction |
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Social Information Processing Theory |
Theory that investigates how we process various types of information in collaborative settings such as social media |
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Hyperpersonal THeory |
Theory that suggests that we use limited online cues to construct idealized images of another person |
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Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) |
The process of using a computer to communicate messages |
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Synchronous Communication |
Communicators exchange messages in real time |
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Asynchronous Communication |
Communicators exchange messages with a time delay |
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Emoticons |
Graphic representations of facial expressions that convey mood |
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Communication |
Process of acting upon information |
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Human communication |
Process of making sense of the world and sharing that sense with others |
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Interpersonal communication |
Interacting simultaneously with another person and mutually influencing each other |
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Organizational communication |
Making sense of the world and sharing that sense with others in the context of organizations |
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Schramm Model |
- Increased emphasis on encoding and decoding of messages - Field of experience |
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Growth mindset |
Basic abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work |
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Fixed mindset |
Basic qualities are fixed traits |
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Power distance |
Extent to which people believe those in power should look and act more powerful than those with less power |
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Uncertainty avoidance |
Extent to which people accept and need rules, guidance, bureaucracy, clear delineation of responsibilities |
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Masculinity |
Degree to which people value assertiveness, achievements, independence |
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Femininity |
Extent to which people value nurturing and sympathy |
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Halo effect |
When we consider a person good in one context, then we think everything they do is good |
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Horn effect |
When we consider a person bad in one context, then we think everything they do is bad |
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Primacy effect |
When we pay attention to, or remember the first information we are exposed to |
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Recency effect |
When we only pay attention, or remember the last information we are exposed to |
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High self esteem |
Thinks well of others and expects to be accepted |
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Low self esteem |
Thinks poorly of others and expects to be rejected |
