Clinical Psychology Quiz (1)

Front 1

Is a method of inducing changes in a person’s thoughts, behaviors, and feelings.

Back 1

Psychological Intervention

Front 2

involves intervention in the context of professional relationship – a relationship sought by the client or the client’s guardians.

Back 2

Psychotherapy

Front 3

is undertaken to solve a specific problem or to improve the individual’s capacity to deal with existing behaviors, feelings, or thoughts that impair functioning at work, school, or in relationships.

Back 3

therapy

Front 4

is considered efficacious to the extent that the average person receiving the treatment in clinical trials is demonstrated to be significantly less dysfunctional than the average person not receiving any treatment

Back 4

treatment

Front 5

place a premium on internal validity by controlling the types of clients in the study, by standardizing the treatments, and by randomly assigning patients to treatment or no treatment groups

Back 5

Efficacy studies

Front 6

emphasize external validity and the representativeness of the treatment that is administered.

Back 6

Effectiveness Studies

Front 7

is considered effective to the extent that clients report clinically significant benefit from it.

Back 7

treatment

Front 8

summarized the results of a survey of4,000 readers who had sought treatment for a psychological problem from a mental health professional, family doctor, or self-help group during the years 1991–1994.

Back 8

Consumer Reports (“Mental Health,” 1995)

Front 9

originally called empirically supported or empirically validated treatment

-refers to those interventions or techniques that have produced significant change in clients and patients in controlled trials.

Back 9

Evidence-based treatment (EBT;

Front 10

Is a broader category in that it includes treatments informed by a number of sources, including scientific evidence about the intervention, clinical expertise, and patient needs and preferences(APA, 2006; Kazdin, 2008).

Back 10

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Front 11

a division of the American Psychological Association, disseminated criteria to evaluate whether specific approaches to treatment had established scientific support to suggest that they could reduce psychological symptoms.

Back 11

Society of Clinical Psychology,

Front 12

Enumerate

Categories of Therapeutic approaches

Back 12

Well Established

Probably Efficacious

Experimental or Possibly Efficacious

Front 13

Enumerate

differences in effects between evidence-based treatments and other approaches were not due to the tendency for studies of evidence-based approaches to involve

Back 13

(1) more active homework assignments;

(2) research therapists;

(3) fewer comorbid samples;

(4) university-based settings;

(5) samples with less severe psychopathology; or

(6) fewer ethnic minority youth.

Front 14

Enumerate

Features Common to Many Therapies

Back 14

1. Relationship/ Therapeutic Alliance

2. The Expert Role

3. Building Competence/ Mastery

4. Nonspecific Factors

Front 15

Research suggests that the nature of the relationship, or therapeutic alliance between the patient and therapist, is an important element that contributes greatly to the success of psychotherapy.

Back 15

Relationship/ Therapeutic Alliance

Front 16

It is assumed that the therapist brings to the therapy situation something more than acceptance, warmth, respect and interest.

Back 16

The Expert Role

Front 17

– can only come from a long, arduous period of training.

Back 17

Competence

Front 18

- In one sense, a goal of most therapies is to make a client a more competent and effective human being.

Back 18

Building Competence/ Mastery

Front 19

– it can also be a learning experience in the direct sense of the word.

Back 19

Therapy

Front 20

– he emphasized the importance of self-efficacy in promoting a higher performance level in the individual.

Back 20

Bandura

Front 21

– they feel confident, expect to do well, or just feel good about themselves.

Back 21

Sense of Mastery

Front 22

Call it faith, hope or expectations for increased competence – successful therapy tends to be associated with such nonspecific factors.

Back 22

Nonspecific Factors -

Front 23

– an active, dynamic process; passivity and lack of motivation can be obstacles.

Back 23

Psychotherapy

Front 24

Enumerate

FACTORS in psychotherapy

Back 24

1. Nature of the patient 2. Therapist 3. Patient- therapist interaction

Front 25

A broad generalization often made by clinicians is that the individuals who need therapy the least are the people who will receive the greatest benefit from it.

Back 25

The Degree of Patient’s Distress -

Front 26

– this is between patient’s feelings of disturbance and their overt behavioral disturbance.

Back 26

Truax and Carkhuff’s Distinction

Front 27

- This distinction implies to many clinicians that a good prognosis may be expected for a patient who is experiencing distress or anxiety but is functioning well behaviorally.

Back 27

Truax and Carkhuff’s Distinction

Front 28

they contend that the relationship between improvement and initial disturbance is curvilinear.

Back 28

Miller and Gross –

Front 29

- Some therapeutic approaches require a great deal of talking, articulation of past experiences, insights and introspection.

Back 29

Intelligence

Front 30

- Other things being equal, young adults have long been considered the best bets for therapy, as compared to other adults.

Back 30

Age

Front 31

- Psychotherapy is sometimes a lengthy and arduous process. It demands much from a patient. It can be fraught with anxiety, setbacks, and periods of a seeming absence of progress.

Back 31

Motivation

Front 32

- Most therapies intuitively attach a better prognosis to patients who seem to show some respect for optimism about the utility of psychotherapy.

Back 32

Openness

Front 33

- Research does not support the view that biological sex of the client is significantly related to outcome in psychotherapy

Back 33

Gender

Front 34

– suggested that greater rapport and self- exploration may occur when both therapist and patient are of the same race.

Back 34

Banks

Front 35

(1964) – described the psychotherapists belief in the ideal patient as the YAVIS syndrome.

Back 35

Schofield

Front 36

Enumerate

YAVIS Syndrome

Back 36

Y- Young A- Attractive V- Verbal I- Intelligent S- Successful

Front 37

Enumerate

Paniagua provides a number of general guidelines and considerations:

Back 37

1. Acculturation

2. Language Barriers -

3. Overdiagnosis

4. Extended Family

5. Type of Theory

6. Amount of Data Collected

7. Definition of “therapist”

Front 38

– refers to the degree of integration of new cultural patterns into the original cultural patterns.

Back 38

Acculturation

Front 39

- although it is ideal to avoid the use of a translator if at all possible, in some cases, a translator is necessary.

Back 39

Language Barriers

Front 40

– clinicians must guard against inaccurately viewing behaviors of members of multicultural groups simply because these are unfamiliar and unusual.

Back 40

Overdiagnosis

Front 41

– clinicians should rely on the client’s definition of extended family before enlisting others to aid in the client’s treatment.

Back 41

Extended Family

Front 42

– directive, active and structured therapies are generally preferred by African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics and Asian Americans.

Back 42

Type of Theory

Front 43

clinicians should avoid collecting massive amounts of data early on in the assessment or treatment process.

Back 43

Amount of Data Collected –

Front 44

– it is important to understand the client’s definition of the term “therapist.” The term may be equated with “physician”, “medicine man/ woman” or “folk healer.”

Back 44

Definition of “therapist”

Front 45

- In the best of all worlds, it would make no difference whether or not the patient was an engaging person who elicited positive responses from others.

Back 45

Therapists’ Reaction to Patients

Front 46

– recognized the potential effects of the psychoanalyst’s personality on the process of psychoanalysis. To “prevent” such personal factors from affecting the process, he recommended that analysts undergo periodic analyses so that they could learn to recognize and control them.

Back 46

FREUD

Front 47

– turned to the other side of the same coin and made therapist qualities such as acceptance and warmth the cornerstones of therapy.

Back 47

ROGERS

Front 48

– has suggested that a major factor that differentiates successful from unsuccessful therapists is their interest in people and their commitment to the patient.

Back 48

SWENSON

Front 49

is an important quality in the therapist. Therapists must be able to look at their patients with objectivity and not become entangled in their personal dynamics. Nor is the therapy room a place for the gratification of one’s own emotional needs.

Back 49

Self-awareness

Front 50

Enumeration

COURSE OF CLINICAL INTERVENTION

Back 50

1. INITIAL CONTACT

2. ASSESSMENT

3. GOALS OF TREATMENT

4. IMPLEMENTING TREATMENT

5. TERMINATION, EVALUATION & FOLLW-UP

Front 51

Enumeration

STAGES OF CHANGE

Back 51

1. Precontemplation

2. Contemplation

3. Preparation

4. Action

5. Maintenance

6. Termination

Front 52

At this stage, the client has no intention of changing his or her behavior in the near future.

Back 52

Precontemplation

Front 53

At this stage, a client is aware that a problem exists but has not yet committed him- or herself to trying to make changes.

Back 53

Contemplation:

Front 54

: Here, a client intends to make a change in the near future.

Back 54

Preparation

Front 55

: At this stage, clients are changing their maladaptive behaviors, emotions, and/or their environment. It is estimated that 10 to 20% are in this stage.

Back 55

Action

Front 56

: At this stage, the client works on preventing relapses and on furthering the gains that have been made during the action stage.

Back 56

Maintenance

Front 57

: Here, the client has made the necessary changes, and relapse is no longer a threat.

Back 57

Termination

Front 58

A major comparative study was conducted by Sloane, Staples, Cristol, Yorkston, and Whipple (1975a, 1975b).

Back 58

The Temple University Study.

Front 59

. In 1977, Smith and Glass published a review of nearly 400 psychotherapy outcome studies.

Back 59

Meta-analyses

Front 60

Enumerate

Recent Trends

Back 60

1. Focus of Psychotherapy Research

2. Practice Guidelines

3. Manualized Treatment.