Cliffs Ap Biology Ch 7 Molecular Genetics

Front 1

DNA & RNA are both polymers of XXXXXXXXXXX?

Back 1

Nucleotides

Front 2

What are the three parts of a nucleotide monomer?

Back 2

1. Nitrogen base
2. Sugar
3. Phosphate

Front 3

What are the three kinds of RNA most commonly found in a cell?

Back 3

1. mRNA
2. tRNA
3. rRNA

Front 4

What is the term used to define a type of RNA that provides the instructions for assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain?

Back 4

mRNA

Front 5

What is the term used to define a type of RNA that delivers amino acids to a ribosome for their addition into a growing polypeptide chain?

Back 5

tRNA

Front 6

What is the term used to define a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes?

Back 6

rRNA

Front 7

Why is DNA replication considered semiconservative?

Back 7

Because DNA replication consists of a single strand of the old template, and a single strand of thew newly replicated DNA.

Front 8

During DNA replication the enzyme XXXXXXXXX unwinds the DNA helix, forming a Y-Shaped XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX?

Back 8

Helicase/Replication Fork

Front 9

What is the term used to define a group of enzymes that break and rejoin the DNA double helix, allowing the twists to unravel and preventing the formation of knots?

Back 9

Topoisomerases

Front 10

During DNA replication what direction does DNA polymerase move?

Back 10

5' --> 3'

Front 11

During DNA replication the new compliment strand grows in the what direction?

Back 11

5' ---> 3'

Front 12

During DNA replication DNA Polymerase creates short segments of DNA called XXXXXX XXXXXX.

Back 12

Okazaki segments

Front 13

What is the term used to define an enzyme that connects DNA molecules?

Back 13

DNA Ligase

Front 14

What is the term used to define an enzyme that initiates DNA replication at special nucleotide sequences with short segments of RNA nucleotides?

Back 14

Primase

Front 15

What is the term used to define a molecules of RNA that initiates DNA replication?

Back 15

RNA Primers

Front 16

What is the term used to define the adding of DNA Nucleotides in the compliment strand?

Back 16

Elongation

Front 17

What is the term used to define an enzyme that adds a short sequence of nucleotides to the end of DNA during DNA replication?

Back 17

Telomerase

Front 18

What is the term used to define how enzymes and other proteins are made from DNA?

Back 18

Protein Synthesis

Front 19

What is the term used to define a triplet group of three adjcacent nucleotides on the mRNA?

Back 19

Codon

Front 20

During Translation is the exact base pairing of the third tRNA nucleotide required between the codon and anticodon?

Back 20

No

Front 21

In translation the RNA sequence is AUG, what is the tRNA sequence?

Back 21

UAC

Front 22

What are the three steps of transcription?

Back 22

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

Front 23

What region of DNA often contains a TATA Box?

Back 23

Promoter

Front 24

Transcription occurs in what direction?

Back 24

5' --> 3'

Front 25

Before an mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus, it undergoes the following alterations, what are those alterations?

Back 25

1. 5' Cap
2. poly-A Tail
3. RNA Splicing
4. ALternative Splicing

Front 26

What is the term used to define repeated A nucleotides at the 3' end of mRNA?

Back 26

poly-A Tail

Front 27

What is the term used to define a group of nucletides at the 5' end of mRNA that is a guananine nucleotide and two additional phosphate groups?

Back 27

5' Cap

Front 28

What is the term used to define when segments of RNA are removed these segments are called introns?

Back 28

RNA Splicing

Front 29

What is the term used to define selectively removing different parts of an RNA transcript, to allow different RNA's to be produced.

Back 29

Alternative splicing

Front 30

What are the three steps of translation?

Back 30

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

Front 31

After a protein is translated, where is it transported to make the final adjustments to make it fully functional? (2)

Back 31

Enoplasmic Reticulum, or Golgi Body

Front 32

What is the term used to define any sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that does not exactly match the original DNA molecule from which it was copied?

Back 32

Mutation

Front 33

What is the term used to define a single nucleotide error?

Back 33

Point Mutation

Front 34

What is the term used to define when the DNA sequence contains an incorrect nucleotide in place of the correct nucleotide?

Back 34

Substitution

Front 35

What is the term used to define when a nucleotide is added to the nucleotide sequence?

Back 35

Insertion

Front 36

What is the term used to define a mutation that results in an insertion or deletion so nucleotides are displaced by one position?

Back 36

Frameshift Mutation

Front 37

What is the term used to define a mutation in which the new codon still codes for the same amino acid?

Back 37

Silent Mutation

Front 38

What is the term used to define a mutation in which the new codon codes for a new amino acid?

Back 38

Missense mutation

Front 39

What is the term used to define a mutation the occurs when the codon now codes for a stop codon?

Back 39

Nonsense Mutation

Front 40

What is the term used to define radiation or chemicals that cause mutations?

Back 40

Carcinogens

Front 41

What is the term used to define mutations that activate uncontrolled cell growth?

Back 41

Carcinogens

Front 42

What are the three mechanisms to repair replication errors?

Back 42

1. Proofreading
2. Mismatch Pair
3. Excision Repair

Front 43

What is the term used to define when DNA polymerase checks to make sure that each newly added nucleotide correctly base pairs with the template strand?

Back 43

Proofreading

Front 44

What is the term used to define enzymes that repair errors that escape the proofreading ability of DNA Polymerase?

Back 44

Mismatch Pair Enzymes

Front 45

What is the term used to define a enzymes that repair damage by mutagens?

Back 45

1. Excision repair enzymes

Front 46

DNA is packaged with proteins to form XXXXXXX. These proteins are called XXXXXXXXX.

Back 46

Chromatin/Histones

Front 47

What is the term used to define regions where DNA is loosely bound to nucleosomes and can be actively transcribed?

Back 47

Euchromatin

Front 48

What is the term used to define when DNA is tightly bound to nucleosomes and cannot be transcribed?

Back 48

Heterochromatin

Front 49

What is the term used to define a type of DNA molecule that can move to different places on a chromosome or a new chromosome?

Back 49

Transposons

Front 50

What is the term used to define a virus that only infects bacteria?

Back 50

Bacteriophages

Front 51

What structures do viruses consist of? (3)

Back 51

1. Nucleic Acid
2. Capsid or protein coat
3. Envelope

Front 52

XXXXXXXXXXXX are ssRNA viruses that use an enzyme called XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX to make a DNA compliment of their RNA.

Back 52

Retroviruses/reverse transcriptase

Front 53

What is the term used to define a short circular DNA molecule outside the chromosome?

Back 53

Plasmid

Front 54

What is the term used to define a plasmid that can be incorporated into the bacteria chromosome?

Back 54

Episomes

Front 55

What is the term used to define a process of DNA exchange between bacteria?

Back 55

Conjugation

Front 56

What is the term used to define when new DNA is introduced into the genome of a bacteria by a virus?

Back 56

Transduction

Front 57

What is the term used to define when bacteria uptake DNA from their surroundings?

Back 57

Transformation

Front 58

What is the term used to define a unit of DNA that controls transcription of a gene?

Back 58

Operon

Front 59

What is the term used to define a sequence of DNA to which the RNA Polymerase attaches to begin transcription?

Back 59

Promoter

Front 60

What is the term used to define a system that requires a substance to turn on the operon?

Back 60

Inducible enzymes

Front 61

What is the term used to define a system in which a substance is required to turn of transcription of a protein?

Back 61

Repressible enzymes

Front 62

WHat are the three common mechanisms of gene expression in eukaryotes?

Back 62

1. Regulatory Protiens
2. Nucleosome Packing
3. RNA Interference

Front 63

What is the term used to define DNA segements or genes from different sources?

Back 63

Recombinant DNA

Front 64

What is the term used to define an enzyme that cuts up DNA?

Back 64

Restriction Enzymes

Front 65

Restriction fragements can be seperated by XXX XXXXXX?

Back 65

Gel Electrophoresis

Front 66

What is the term used to define amplifying DNA by millions of times?

Back 66

Polymerase Chain Reaction