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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Freud contribute to the science of child development? |
-The validity of the subconscious |
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What did Erik Erikson contribute to the science of child development? |
-Believed environment had a lot to do with development -Theorized 8 stages of development that build on each other |
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What did Skinner contribute to the science of child development? |
-Emphasized that behavior is reinforced by rewards or punishments |
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What did Albert Bandura contribute to the science of child development? |
-Believed children observed and imitated those around them -Emphasized self efficacy |
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What is self efficacy? |
How you see yourself and the perception of your own abilities. |
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What did Jean Piaget contribute to the science of child development? |
-Children learn best through experience -Their cognitive development consists of stages -Children develop and test schemes or theories by which to understand the world around them |
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What did Lev Vygotsky contribute to the science of child development? |
-Believed early development is related to later development. Believed in "The Continuous View" and "The Discontinuous View"
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What is the Continuous view? |
Children stay on the same path throughout their development |
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What is the Discontinuous view? |
Children can change paths at any point in their development |
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What is the active-passive child issue? |
The discussion of whether children are passive recipients of their environments or whether they interpret their experiences and often influences the experiences they have. |
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What is systematic observation? |
Either a naturalistic or structured observation of behavior |
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Sampling Behavior with Tasks |
Give the children something to do (a task) and observe how and if they can do it |
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Self Report |
Interviews and questionnaires |
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Physiological Response Measurement |
Observations regarding heart rate, brain waves, etc. |
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Define validity of an experiment. |
Does it really measure what you say you're measuring? |
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What is representative sampling? |
Taking random samples of a specific population |
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What is a longitudinal study? |
It looks at the same individuals over a long period of time - throughout their lives |
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What is a cross-sectional study? |
A study that takes groups of individuals across a spectrum of different ages and compares them. |
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How many pairs of chromosomes do we have? |
23 |
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Define Homozygous Alleles |
When the genes for a specific trait are the same type from both parents |
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Define Heterozygous Alleles |
When both parents have contributed similar genes for a trait |
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Define Behavioral Genetics |
The inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits that aren't apparent at birth |
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Define Polygenic inheritace |
When many genes contribute to a disorder or condition or behaviors |
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True or false? Cognitive abilities, psychological disorders, substance abuse, and personality are all affected by heredity? |
True. |
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Define Niche-Picking |
deliberately seeking environments that fit one's heredity |
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What two things interact dynamically throughout development to make children within the same family different? |
Environment and heredity |
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What is the Period of the Zygote? |
2 weeks - from conception to implantation |
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What is the period of the Embryo, and why is it critical? |
Week 3 to week 8. It is critical because the differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs. |
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What is the period of the fetus? |
Week 9 onward. |
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What is the age of viability? |
The age at which the baby may survive outside of the womb. 22-28 weeks. |
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What is a teratogen? |
An agent that can cause abnormal prenatal development. Asprin, alcohol, environmental hazards (lead, mercury, x-rays). |
