Child Ad Adolescent Development

Front 1

What is an example of the influence of nature?

Back 1

having the gene for epilepsy

Front 2

The _____ domain includes all the growth and change that occur in a person's body and the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change

Back 2

Biosocial

Front 3

A human fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception but cannot develop fingers and toes before or after that time. This is an example of...

Back 3

a critical period

Front 4

One historical example of the "difference-equals-deficit error" is....

Back 4

men perceiving women as intellectually inferior

Front 5

When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use in an....

Back 5

experiment

Front 6

If a researcher finds a positive correlation between school grades and school attendance, one can conclude that....

Back 6

high attendance and high grades occur together

Front 7

What is a researcher's first step when designing a research study on a children's language acquisition

Back 7

pose a research question about language acquisition

Front 8

Bobby was not taught to read until he was an adolescent. Bobby had a hard time learning to read because he did not learn to do so during the....

Back 8

Sensitive period

Front 9

Within Erikson's theory of psychical development, each of the developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge or...

Back 9

developmental crisis

Front 10

Behaviorists believe that psychologists should focus on...

Back 10

Observable behaviors

Front 11

According to Piaget, when old ideas are restructured to include new experiences it is called....

Back 11

accommodation

Front 12

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point it was suggested that parents toilet train whenever they wished, using reinforcement as part of the training. This view is consistent with....

Back 12

behaviorism

Front 13

Fraternal twins are also called...

Back 13

dizygotic twins

Front 14

A sperm directly inserted into each ovum is called...

Back 14

intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Front 15

The___ is a person's appearance, behavior, and brain and body function.

Back 15

Phenotype

Front 16

During the germinal period of prenatal development, cells take on distill characteristics, this is called...

Back 16

differentiation

Front 17

at 6 weeks pregnant your in the

Back 17

embryonic period

Front 18

Development happens in a "near-to-far" pattern known as...

Back 18

proximodistal

Front 19

Some teratogens have a threshold effect, which means that they are...

Back 19

harmless until exposure reaches a certain level

Front 20

The protective feature that protects the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth

Back 20

head-sparring

Front 21

Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid growth is called...

Back 21

transient exuberence

Front 22

The mental processing of sensory information is called...

Back 22

perception

Front 23

the neonate's vision

Back 23

is clearest when objects are 4 to 30 inches away

Front 24

newborns perceive important experiences like breastfeeding...

Back 24

with dynamic sensory-motor systems

Front 25

In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages to infants respond to people and objects and seek to make interesting events last?

Back 25

stage 3

Front 26

Tia is fascinated with the toilet. So far, her parents have caught her trying to flush a stuffed animal, a toy cell phone, and a handful of dog kibble. Which sensorimotor stage is Tia in?

Back 26

Stage 5

Front 27

The environment offers many opportunities to interact with whatever is perceived. These opportunities are known as.....

Back 27

Affordances

Front 28

James uses the word "more" to mean "I want another cookie" In this case, "more" is a....

Back 28

Holophrase

Front 29

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing....

Back 29

sadness

Front 30

What are the four categories of temperament?

Back 30

easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, hard-to-classify

Front 31

The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called..

Back 31

synchrony

Front 32

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Back 32

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver. The infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

Front 33

Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

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an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion

Front 34

disorganized attachement

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a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregivers's departure and return

Front 35

Secure attachment

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a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of the caregiver

Front 36

trust versus mistrust

Back 36

Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met.

Front 37

autonomy versus shame and doubt

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second crisis. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies

Front 38

Oral Stage and Anal Stage

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Oral-1st year of life Anal- 2nd year of life

Front 39

According to traditional behaviorism, personality is

Back 39

molded by one's parents

Front 40

A child's appetite ____between the ages of 2 and 6

Back 40

decreases

Front 41

Myelination is important because it...

Back 41

speeds up the transmission of neural impulses

Front 42

Perseverating

Back 42

The tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time

Front 43

Amygdala

Back 43

registers emotions

Front 44

Hippocampus

Back 44

processes memories

Front 45

The accident paradigm

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when we accept the perspective that injuries will occur despite our best efforts

Front 46

a primary-prevention measure to reduce child abuse would be to...

Back 46

improve the economic climate and decrease financial instability

Front 47

Until age 6 it is difficult for children to...

Back 47

think logically

Front 48

Preoperational intelligence

Back 48

Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6. It includes language and imagination, but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible

Front 49

Centration

Back 49

A characteristic of proportional thought in which a young child focuses on one idea, excluding all others

Front 50

egocentrism

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Piaget's term for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own perspectives

Front 51

Static reasoning

Back 51

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes

Front 52

Proportional thinking is...

Back 52

symbolic

Front 53

Scaffolding

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Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

Front 54

Theory-Theory

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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories

Front 55

Theory of mind

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A persons theory of what other people might be thinking

Front 56

Protective optimism

Back 56

makes children believe that they will be good at anything they try to do

Front 57

Authoritarian

Back 57

Characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment for misconduct, and little communication from child to parent

Front 58

Permissive

Back 58

high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control

Front 59

Authoritative

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parents set limits but listen to child and are flexible

Front 60

To understand a child's development of gender attitudes and roles, behaviorists stress...

Back 60

reinforcement and punishment

Front 61

Phallic Stage

Back 61

Freud's 3rd stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

Front 62

Oedipus complex

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The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother's romantic love

Front 63

Superego

Back 63

the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents

Front 64

Electra complex

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The unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

Front 65

Identification

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An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else

Front 66

Instrumental aggression

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Behavior that hurts someone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or privilege

Front 67

Reactive aggression

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An impulsive verbal or physical retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action

Front 68

Howard Gardner proposed that...

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there are multiple intelligences

Front 69

Dyscalculia

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learning disorder related to math

Front 70

Concrete operational thought

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happens during middle childhood. Ability to reason logically about direct experiences or perceptions

Front 71

Working memory

Back 71

component of information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs

Front 72

Sensory memory

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incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed

Front 73

Metacognition

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The ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

Front 74

Piaget stressed the child's own discovery of concepts, whereas Vygotsky stressed the...

Back 74

importance of instruction by others

Front 75

School-age children's growth is...

Back 75

slow and steady

Front 76

Children between the ages of 6 and 11 are...

Back 76

industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture

Front 77

Children's ideas about their intelligence, personality, abilities, gender, and ethnic background form their

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self concept

Front 78

Dynamic means

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may change over time

Front 79

Agressive-rejected

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Rejected by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior

Front 80

Withdrawn-rejected

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Rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior

Front 81

Preconventional moral reasoning

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Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishment

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Conventional moral reasoning

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2nd level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules

Front 83

post conventional moral reasoning

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3rd level, emphasizing moral principles

Front 84

Child culture

Back 84

rules and behaviors that are passed down to younger children from older children