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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter
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anything that has mass and occupies space
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Chemistry
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the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
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Organic Chemistry
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the study of all chemicals containing carbon
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Inorganic chemistry
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the study of chemicals that in general don't contain carbon
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Biochemistry
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the study of processes that take place in living organisms
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Analytical chemistry
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the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter
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Physical Chemistry
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the area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change
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Pure Chemistry
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the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake
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Applied Chemistry
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Research that is directed toward a practical goal of application
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Chemical Compounds
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Collections of two or more elements held together by relatively strong attractive forces called chemical bonds
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The Mole
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The chemist's invaluable unit for specifying the amount of material
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Technology
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The means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired
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Petrochemicals
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Chemical products derived from petrolium
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The Scientific Method
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A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
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Observation
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When you use your senses to obtain information
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Hypothesis
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A proposed explanation for an observation
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Experiment
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a procedure that is used to teat a hypothesis
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Independent(Manipulated) variable
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The variable that you change during an experiment
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Dependent variable
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The variable that is observed during the experiment
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Model
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A representation of an object or event
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Theory
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A well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations
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Scientific law
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A concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
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Measurement
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A quantity that has both a number and a unit
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Scientific Notation
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a given number is written as the product of two numbers
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Accuracy
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A measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual value
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Precision
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A measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another, irrespective of the actual value
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Accepted value
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The correct value for the measurement based on reliable references
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Experimental Value
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The value measured in the lab
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Error
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The difference between the experimental value and the accepted value
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Percent error
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the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value, multiplied by 100%
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Significant Figures
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The digits that are known, plus a last digit that is estimated
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International System of Units (SI)
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A revised version of the metric system
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Meter(m)
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The basic unit of length, or linear measure
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Volume
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The space required by any sample of matter
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Liter(L)
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The volume of a cube that is 10cm along each edge
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Kilogram(kg)
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The basic SI unit of mass
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Gram(g)
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1/1000 of a kilogram
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Weight
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A force that measures the pull on a given mass by gravity
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Energy
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The capacity to do work or to produce heat
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Joule(j)
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SI unit of energy
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Calorie
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The quantity of heat that raises the temperature of 1g of pure water by 1°C
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Temperature
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A measure of how hot or cold and object is
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Density
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The ratio of the mass of an object to its volume
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Conversion Factor
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A ratio of equivalent measurements
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Dimensional Analysis
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A way to analyze and solve problems using the units, or dimensions of the measurements
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Mass
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A measure of the amount of matter the object contains
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Volume
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A measure of the space occupied by the object
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Extensive Property
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A property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
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Intensive property
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A property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
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Substance
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Matter that has a uniform and definite composition
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Physical Property
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A quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition
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Solid
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Form of matter that has definite shape and volume
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Liquid
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Indefinite shape, flows, and fixed volume
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Gas
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Takes shape and volume from container
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Vapor
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Describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature
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Physical Change
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Some properties change, composition does not
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Mixture
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A physical blend of 2 of more components
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Heterogeneous Mixture
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A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout
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Homogeneous Mixture
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A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout
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Solution
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Another name for a mixture
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Phase
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Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties
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Filtration
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The process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
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Distillation
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A liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid
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Element
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The simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties
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Compound
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A substance that contains to or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion
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Chemical Change
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A change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter
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Chemical Symbol
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A one- or two- letter representation of an element
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Periodic Table
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An arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties
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Period
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Each horizontal row of the periodic table (7)
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Group
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Each vertical column of the periodic table
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Chemical reaction
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When one or more substances change into one or more new substances
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Reactant
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A substance present at the start of the reaction
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Product
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A substance produced in the reaction
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Precipitate
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A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
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The Law of conservation of mass
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Mass is neither created nor destroyed
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Kinetic Energy
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The energy an object has because of its motion
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Kinetic Theory
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All matter consists of tiny particles that are in constant motion
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Gas Pressure
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Results from the force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object
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Vaccuun
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An empty space with no particles and no pressure
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Atmospheric Pressure
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The collisions of atoms and molecules in air with objects
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Barameter
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A device used to measure atmospheric pressure
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Pascal(P)
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SI unit of pressure
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Standard Atmosphere (atm)
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Pressure required to support 760mm of mercury in a merc. barometer at 25°C
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Vaporization
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The conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor
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Evaporization
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When vaporization occurs at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling
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Vapor Pressure
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A measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid
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Boiling Point
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The temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the external pressure
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Normal Boiling Point
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The BP of a liquid at 101.3 kPa
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Melting point
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The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid
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Freezing Point
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The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid
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Crystal
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the particles are arranged in an orderly, repeating 3D pattern called a crystal lattice
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Unit cell
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The smallest group of particles within a crystal that retains geometric shape of the crystal
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Allotropes
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Two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state
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Glass
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A transparent fusion product of inorganic substances that have cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing
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Sublimation
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the change of a substance from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state
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Phase Diagram
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The graph that shows the relationships among the solid, liquid, and vapor states or phases of a substance in a sealed container
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Triple Point
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The only set of conditions at which all three phases can exists in equilibrium with one another
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Energy
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The capacity for doing work or supplying heat
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Thermochemistry
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The study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and changes in state
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Chemical Potential Energy
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the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance
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Heat
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Energy that transfers from 1 object to another because of a temperature difference
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System
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The part of the universe on which you focus your attention
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Surroundings
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Everything else
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Law of Conservation of energy
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energy is neither created nor destroyed
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Endothermic Process
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Heat absorbed from system
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Exothermic Process
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Releases heat to surroundings
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Heat Capacity
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Amount of heat needed to increase temperature 1 degree C
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Specific Heat
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Amount of heat it takes to raise 1g 1 degree C
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Calorimetry
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The measurement of the heat flow into or out of a system for chemical and physical processes
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Enthalpy
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heat flow of system at constant pressure
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Thermochemical equation
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A chemical equation that includes the enthalpy change
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Heat of Reaction
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Enthalpy change for the chemical equation as written
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Heat of Combustion
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Heat of reaction for the complete burning of one mole of a substance
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Calorie
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The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g pure H2O 1 degree C
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Atom
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The smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reation
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Electrons
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Negatively charged subatomic particles (Discovered by JJTomson)
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Cathode ray
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A glowing beam traveling from the cathode to the anode
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Proton
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Positively charged subatomic particles (Discovered by Goldstein)
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Neutron
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Subatomic particles with no charge but a mass nearly equal to a proton (Discovered by Chadwick)
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Quarks
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Smaller subnuclear particles that are believed to make up protons and neutrons
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Nucleus
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Tiny central core of an atom and is composed of protons and neutrons
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Atomic Number
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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element
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Mass number
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The total number of protons in the nucleus in an atom
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Isotopes
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Atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
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1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom
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Atomic Mass
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A weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element
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Radioactivity
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The spontaneous emission of rays or particles from certain elements
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Nuclear radiation
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the rays and particles emitted from a radioactive source
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Radioisotopes
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Unstable isotopes
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Alpha Particles
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Helium nuclei, contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons and has a double charge
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Beta particle
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An electron resulting from the breaking apart of a neutron in an atom
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Gamma Ray
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A high energy photon emitted by a radioisotope
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Nuclear Force
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An attractive force that acts between all nuclear particles that are extremely close together such as protons and neutrons in a nucleus
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Band of Stability
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The region of the graph in which the stable points are
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Positron
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a particle with the mass of an electron but a positive charge
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Half life
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The time required for one half of the nuclei in a radioisotope sample to decay to products
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Transmutation
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The conversion of an atom of 1 element into an atom of another element
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Transuranium elements
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Elements with an atomic number above 92 and are radioactive
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