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238 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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alkali metals
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lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium
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name the alkali earth metals
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beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium
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coinage metals
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nickel, silver, gold
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name the metalloids
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boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, polonium
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name the halogens
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flouride, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine
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noble gases
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helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon
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H
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hydrogen
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He
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helium
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Li
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lithium
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Be
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beryllium
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B
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boron
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C
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carbon
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N
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nitrogen
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O
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oxygen
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F
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flouride
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Ne
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neon
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Na
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sodium
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Mg
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magnesium
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Al
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aluminum
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Si
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silicon
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P
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phosphorous
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S
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sulfur
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Cl
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chlorine
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Ar
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argon
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K
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potassium
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Ca
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calcium
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Fe
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Iron
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Co
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cobalt
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Ni
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nickel
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cu
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copper
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Zn
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zinc
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Ga
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gallium
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Ge
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germanium
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As
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arsenic
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Se
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selenium
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Br
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bromine
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Kr
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krypton
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Rb
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rubidium
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Sr
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stronium
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Pd
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palladium
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Ag
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silver
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Cd
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cadmium
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In
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indium
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Sn
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tin
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Sb
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antimony
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Te
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tellurium
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I
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iodine
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Xe
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xenon
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Cs
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cesium
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Ba
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barium
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Pt
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platinum
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Au
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gold
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Hg
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mercury
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Tl
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thallium
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Pb
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lead
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Bi
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bismuth
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Po
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polonium
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At
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astatine
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Rn
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radon
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Fr
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francium
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Ra
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radium
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How is the periodic table ordered?
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by # of protons in the nucleus
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atomic mass
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aka atomic weight
protons + neutrons |
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atomic # =
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# protons
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Noble gas characteristics
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all gases at room temperature, very low melting and boiling points, practically inert/unreactive, full shell electrons, very hard to remove/give an electron to
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Halogens
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nonmetals, react slowly with water, react with metals to form ionic compounds
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How do you find an ionic charge of an element?
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by the position on the periodic table
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Nonmetal charge =
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the group # - 8
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Metal charge =
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the group number
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Hydrogen is a
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nonmetal
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bottom rows of periodic table
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inner transition elements, aka rare earth elements, radioactive b/c they have the highest molecular weight and the largest number of protons in the nucleus
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main group of elements
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Representative elements or the A elements
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Transition elements
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B group elements
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What elements are diatomic?
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oxygen, nitrogen, and the halogens
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alkali metals characteristics
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soft low melting points
low density very reactive, never find uncombined in nature, forms water soluble compounds |
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main alkali earth metal characteristic
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harder, higher melting, and denser than alkali metals
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metal characteristics
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solid at room temperature, shiny, conduct heat, conduct electricity, malleable, ductile, lose electrons and form cations in reactions, about 75% of the elements are metals
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nonmetal characteristics
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found in all 3 states, poor conductors of heat, poor conductors of electricity, solids are brittle, gain electrons in reactions to become anions
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metalloids
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some properties of metals and nonmetals, aka semiconductors
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what forms anions?
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nonmetals?
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For each ______ charge the ion has 1 more electron than the neutral atom
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negative
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How are anions names?
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by changing the ending of the name to -ide
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What forms cations?
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metals
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For each _____ charge the ion has one less electron than the neutral atom
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positive
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How are cations named?
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the same as the metal
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How are isotopes identified?
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by their mass number
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Isotope characteristics
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--all are chemically identical
--all of one element have the same number of protons, but different masses + number of neutrons |
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neutron
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particle with no charge found in the nucleus
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What is a good model of an atom?
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a baseball
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What was important about Millikan's oil drop experiment?
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It determined the charge on an electron
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law of conservation of mass
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in a chemical reaction, matter is neither destroyed nor created
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law of definite proportions
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all samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constiuent elements
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law of multiple proportions
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when two elements form two different compounds, the masses of B that combine with element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers
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Thompson's results?
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electrons have charge and mass
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Rutherford's main results?
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found that an atom is mostly empty space, except for the nucleus which makes up the majority of the atomic mass
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submicroscopic
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the realm of atoms and molecules, where objects are smaller than can be detected by optical microscopes
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matter
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anything that occupies space
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chemistry
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the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo
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basic research
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research dedicated to the discovery of the fundamental workings of nature
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applied research
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research dedicated to the development of useful products and processes
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science
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an organized body of knowledge resulting from observations, common sense, rational thinking, and insights into nature
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scientific hypothesis
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a testable assumption often used to explain an observed phenomenon
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control test
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a test performed by scientists to increase the conclusiveness of an experimental test
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theory
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a comprehensive idea that can be used to explain a broad range of phenomena
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mass
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the quatitative measure of how much matter an object contains
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weight
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the gravitational force of attraction between two bodies
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volume
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the quantity of space an object occupies
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energy
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the capacity to do work
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potential energy
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stored energy
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kinetic energy
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energy due to motion
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temperature
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how hot or cold an object is relative to some standard.
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thermometer
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an instrument used to measure temperature
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absolute zero
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the lowest possible temperature any substance can have; the temperature at which the atoms of a substance have no kinetic energy (0 k)
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heat
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the energy that flows from one object to another because of a temperature difference between the two
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solid
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matter that has a definite volume and definite shape
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liquid
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matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape, assuming the shape of its container
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gas
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matter that has neither definite volume or shape, always filling space available to it
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melting
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transformation from solid to liquid
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freezing
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transformation from liquid to solid
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evaporation
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transformation from liquid to gas
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boiling
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evaporation in which bubbles can form beneath the liquid surface
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condensation
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a transformation from gas to a liquid
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density
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mass/volume
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physical property
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any physical attribute of a substance such as color, density, or hardness
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physical change
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a change in which a substance changes its physical properties without changing its chemical identity
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chemical property
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a type or property that characterizes the ability of a substance to change into another substance
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chemical change
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during this kind of change, atoms in a substance are rearranged to give a new substance to having a new chemical identity
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chemical reactions
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synonymous with chemical change
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element
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a fundamental material consisting of only one type of atom
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periodic table
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a chart in which all known elements are organized by physical and chemical properties
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atomic symbol
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an abbreviation for an element or atom
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elemental formula
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a notation that uses the atomic symbol and numerical subscript to denote how atoms are bonded in an element
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compound
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a material in which atoms fo different elements are bonded to one another
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chemical formula
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A notation used to indicate the composition of a compound consisting of the atomic symbols for the different elements of the compound and numerical subscripts indicating the ratio in which the atoms combine
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mixture
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a combination of two or more substance sin which each substance retains its properties
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pure
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the state of a material that consists of a single element or compound
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impure
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the state of a material that is a mixture of more than one element or compound
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heterogeneous mixture
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a mixture in which the various components can be observed as individual substances
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homogeneous mixture
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a mixture in which the various components can be observed as one substance
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solution
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a homogeneous mixture in which all components are dissolved in the same phase
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suspension
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a homogeneous mixture in which carious components are finely mixed but not dissolved
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metal
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an element that is shiny, opaque, and able to conduct electricity and heat
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nonmetal
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an element located toward the upper right of the periodic table that is neither a metal nor a metalloid
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metalloid
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an element that exhibits some properties of nonmetals and metals
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period
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a horizontal row in the periodic table
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group
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a vertical column in the periodic table, also known as a family of elements
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periodic trend
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the gradual change of any property in the elements across a period
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alkali metals
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any group 1 element
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alkali earth metal
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any group 2 metal
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halogen
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any salt forming element
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noble gases
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any unreactive element
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lanthanides
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any 6th period inner transitional element
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actinides
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any 7th period inner transitional element
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alchemy
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a medialval endeavor concerned with turning other metals to gold
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scientific law
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any scientific hypothesis that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted. Also known as scientific principle
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law of mass conservation
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a law stating that there is no detectable change in the amount of mass present before and after a chemical reaction
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law of definite proportions
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a law stating that elements combine in definite mass ratios to form compounds
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cathode ray tube
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a device that emits a beam of electrons
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electron
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an extremely small negatively charged subatomic particle found outside the atomic nucleus
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atomic nucleus
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the dense positively charged center of every atom
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proton
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a positively charged subatomic particle of the atomic nucleus
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atomic number
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a count of the number of protons in the atomic nucleus
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nucleon
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any subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus. Another name for either a proton or a neutron.
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isotope
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any member of a set of atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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atomic mass
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the mass of an element's atoms listed in the periodic table as an average value based on the relative abundance of the elements isotopes
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Are atoms made of molecules or are molecules made of atoms?
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atoms bond to make molecules
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What is the difference between basic research and applied research?
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basic just goes through figuring out how nature works where as applied research goes through how create products and processes for everyday life
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Why is chemistry often called the central science?
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Because it is essential and used in practically every science
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What is a control test?
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A subset test where nothing is done to the group to compare experiment results
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Are scientific theories fixed or are they subject to repeated modification?
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repeated modification
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How far away are the farthest observable light years?
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42 billion light years
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What are the two major systems of measurement used in the world today?
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metric and the US customary system
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Which is greater: a micrometer or a decimeter?
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decimeter
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A milligram is equal to how many grams?
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.0001 grams
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What is inertia, and how is it related to mass?
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Inertia is the resistance the object has to any change in its motion. Mass is a measure of inertia.
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Which can change from one location to another: mass or weight?
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weight
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What is volume?
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the quantity of space an object occupies
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What is the difference between mass and volume?
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Mass is concerned with how much matter can contain, where as volume is concerned with how much that mass space
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What do we call the energy an object has because of its position?
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potential energy
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What do we call the energy an object has because of its motion?
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kinetic energy
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Which represents more energy: a joule or a calorie?
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calorie
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Which represents more energy: a calorie or a Calorie?
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Calorie
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In which is the average speed of the molecules less: in cold coffee or in hot coffee?
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cold coffee
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What happens to the volume of most materials when they are heated?
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volume increases as the material expands from increased particle motion
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Which temperature scale has its zero point as the point of zero atomic and molecular motion?
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Kelvin
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Is it natural for heat to travel from a cold object to a hotter object?
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No energy flows from a hot object to a cooler object
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How does the arrangement of particles in gas differ from particles of solids or liquids?
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they have no definite volume
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Which requires the removal of thermal energy: melting or freezing?
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freezing
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What is it called when when evaporation takes place beneath the surface of a liquid?
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boiling
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The units of density are a ratio of what to quantities?
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mass/volume
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What happens to the density of a gas as it is compressed into a smaller volume?
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it moves at a faster rate, thus pushing outwards and occupying a greater volume
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What are some chemical change indicators?
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color change, heat, explosion, smell
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What is the cause of terrorism?
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explosions, which are small amounts of solid/liquid matter that turns to a gaseous state in a few milliseconds
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How many types of atoms can you expect to find in a pure sample of any element?
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one
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Distinguish between an atom and an element
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Atoms are what make up the matter around you. Elements are made up of atoms, which in turn make the world around you.
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Guideline 1
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The name of the element farther to the left of the periodic table is followed by the name of the element farther to the right, with the suffix -ide added to the name of the later
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Guideline 2
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When two or more compounds have different numbers of the same elements, prefixes are added to remove ambiguity
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Guideline 3
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Many compounds are not usually referred to by their systematic names. Instead they are assigned more common names.
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What defines a material as a mixture?
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when the substances combined can retain each of its properties
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What does tap water contain that distilled water doesn't?
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compounds of magnesium, fluoride, iron, potassium, etc to promote human health
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How can components of a mixture be separated from one another?
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physically through distillation or filtration
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How does distillation separate the components of a mixture?
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a mixture is boiled, causing evaporation which can be collected in a different closed container so that it condenses back into a liquid without the dissolved solid
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Why is it not practical to have a macroscopic mixture that is 100% pure?
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because atoms are so small, that if just one atom out of millions was different, the "pure" status would be lost
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Name an example of a solid suspension
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white gold
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Are most elements metallic or nonmetallic?
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metallic
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How is a solution different from a suspension?
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In a solution, all components are in the same phase, where as a suspension can have components of different phases.
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How many periods are there in the periodic table? how many groups?
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7 periods, 18 groups
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Why are group 1 elements called alkali metals?
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because they used ashes for soap
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Why are group 17 elements called halogens?
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bc of their ability to form salts
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Which group is all gases at room temperature?
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group 18
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How did Lavoisier define an element and a chemical compound?
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elements were materials made only of one component and a compound as a material composed of two or more elements
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Why did Lavoisier's mass conservation law escape earlier investigators?
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because they didn't realize that gas is part of the chemical reaction/mass
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Who named the element oxygen?
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Lavoisier
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Who named the element hydrogen?
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Lavoisier
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What is the meaning of the word hydrogen?
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water former
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How did Dalton define an element?
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each element consist of indivisible minute particles called atoms
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diatomic
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two atoms per molecule
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What did Thomson's cathode experiment prove?
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particles have mass and charge
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cathode ray tube
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device that emits a beam of electrons
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What did Millikan discover about the electron?
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discovered that atoms were not the smallest particles of matter and named the cathode ray particle an electron
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What did Rutherford discover about the atom?
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that the atom is mostly empty space and that most of its mass is concentrated in a tiny core called the atomic nucleus
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A proton is how much more massive than an electron?
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2000 times more
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mass number
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the identification of isotopes, it is the total number of neutrons and protons
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atomic number
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number of protons each atom of a given element contains
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atomic mass
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average of the sum of the masses of all the atoms compnents
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Name two nucleons
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protons and neutrons
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1 km = ? mi
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.621 mi
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1 kg =qt ? lb
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2.2 lb
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1 L = ? qt
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1.057 qt`
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1 gal = ? L
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3.785 L
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1 lb = ? g
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454 g
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1 in = ? cm
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2.54 cm
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1 m = ? in
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39.37 in
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1 mi = ? km
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1.609 km
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10 k = ? mi
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6.2 mi
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kelvin equation
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C + 273 = K
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1 L = ? gal
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.2641 gal
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Fahrenheit to Celsius formula
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9/5(F-32)
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