Chemical Composition Of The Body

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smallest units of elements that still retain the element's properties.

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Atoms

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pure substances with specific properties.

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Elements

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general term used to describe any atoms that are connected by chemical bonds.

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Molecule

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Made up of two or more atoms that are bonded together

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Molecule

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composed lf many identical molecules or molecular entities

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Compound

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TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

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》Ionic Bond

》Covalent Bond

》Metallic Bond

》Hydrogen Bond

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》metal atom DONATES electron to nonmetal atom

》metal atom LOSES electron(s) to nonmental atoma

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Ionic Bond

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》two nonmetal atoms SHARE electrons

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Covalent Bond

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》electrons MOVE FREELY between metal atoms

》positive metal ions attract conducting electrons

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Metallic Bond

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HYDROGEN attracts an electronegative atom electrostatically

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Hydrogen Bond

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sour tasting, compound that produces HYDROGEN IONS (H-) when dissolved in water

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Acid

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bitter tasting, slippery-feeling compound that produces HYDROXIDE IONS (OH-) it dissolves in water

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Base

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ionic compound that results from the reaction between an acid and a base

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Salt

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relative acidity (how acidic something is) or alkalinity (how basic something is) of a substance

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pH (potential Hydrogen)

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any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon

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Organic Compound

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the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds

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Organic Chemistry

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methodology of their preparation

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Organic Synthesis

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the fundamental building blocks of life and play critical roles in the functioning of the human body

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Biomolecules

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TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES

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》Carbohydrates

》Protein

》Lipids

》Nucleic Acid

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organic compounds made up of CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN atoms.

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Carbohydrates

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commonly found as sugars, starches, and cellulose in organisms.

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Carbohydrates

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serve as a primary source of energy for cells

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Carbohydrates

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primarily known as a primary source of energy for living organisms, including humans.

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Carbohydrates

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Glucose can be rapidly used by cells to produce energy through a process called:

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Cellular Respiration

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EXCESS GLUCOSE that is not immediately needed for energy is stored in the form of:

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Glycogen

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In plants, carbohydrates like ______

______ provide rigidity and support to cell walls.

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Cellulose

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a carbohydrate, is FOUND IN THE EXOSKELETONS of insects and other arthropods, providing strength and protection.

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Chitin

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On the surface of cells, complex carbohydrate molecules known as _______ and ______ play a role in cell adhesion, immune responses, and cell signaling.

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Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

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CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

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》Simple Carbohydrates

》Complex Carbohydrates

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QUICKLY ABSORBED and provide rapid source of energy

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Simple Carbohydrates

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glucose, fructose, galactose are examples of

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Monosaccharides

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single sugar molecules

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sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar) are examples of

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Disaccharides

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two sugar molecules

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TAKE LONGER TO BREAK DOWN and provide sustained energy

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Complex Carbohydrates

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starch and glycogen are examples of

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Polysaccharides

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found in foods like potatoes and grains

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Starch

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stored in animals

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Glycogen

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provide structural support and stability to cells, tissues, and organs.

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Protein

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a protein that gives strength to skin, tendons, and bones.

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Collagen

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》facilitate and regulate chemical reactions within cells.

》speed up these reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur

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Enzymes

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》responsible for transporting molecules within the body.

》carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation.

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Hemoglobin

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》specialized proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.

》play a crucial role in the body's defense against infections.

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Antibodies

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》regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells.

》function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes.

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Insulin

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transmit signals within and between cells

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Signaling Proteins

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FIGHT OR FLIGHT

increase heart rate and blood flow, leading to physical boost and heightened awareness

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Adrenaline

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CONCENTRATION

affects attention and responding actions in the brain

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Noradrenaline

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PLEASURE

PLEASURE feelings of pleasure, addiction, movement, and motivation

feelings of pleasure, addiction, movement, and motivation

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Dopamine

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MOOD

contribute to well-being and happiness Help sleep cycle and digestive system regulation

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Serotonin

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CALMING

focus, low level fause anxiety. Contributes to motor control and vision

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Gaba

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LEARNING

invloved in thought, learning, and memory. Attention and awakening

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Acetylcholine

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MEMORY

most common neurotransmitter.

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Glutamate

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EUPHORIA

released during exercise, excitement, and sex

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Endorphins

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》essential for muscle contraction.

》enable muscle fibers to contract and generate movement.

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Actin & Myosin

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a protein that serves as STORAGE MOLECULES which stores iron in cells until it is needed for

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Ferritin

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》are macromolecules made of fatty acid monomers

》structural support for the cell, energy storage, and cell signaling

》nonpolar in nature and do not interact with water

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Lipids

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TYPES OF LIPIDS

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》Triglycerides

》Phospholipids

》Steroids and Waxes

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are characterized by their hydrophobic (water-repelling) nature

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Lipids

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》concentrated source of energy. 》store more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins.

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Lipids

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make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes which provides the structure and barrier necessary for the cell to function.

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Phospholipids

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provide insulation to help maintain body temperature and protect organs bycushioning them.

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Adipose tissue (body fat)

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precursors for the synthesis of hormones, including intercourse hormones and steroids.

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Cholesterol/ fatty acids

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aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) in the digestive system.

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Lipids

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participate in cell signaling processes, influencing various cellular activities and responses.

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Sphingolipids and Eicosanoids

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》building blocks of many lipids.》consist of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end.

》can be saturated (no double bondsbetween carbon atoms) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).

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Fatty acids

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》the most common dietary fats.

》consist of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule.

》serve as a major energy storage form in the body.

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Triglycerides

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》hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic tails

》create a lipid bilayer that separates the cell's internal environment from the external one.

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Phospholipids

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well known steroid

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CHOLESTEROL

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ring structure and play vital roles in membrane fluidity and hormone synthesis.

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Steroids

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》complexes of lipids and proteins. 》transport lipids in the bloodstream because lipids are insoluble in water.

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Lipoproteins

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LDL (low-density lipoprotein) HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

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are water-repellent lipids used by many organisms to prevent water loss, protect against environmental factors, and serve as a structural component in some tissues.

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Waxes

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》central role in the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information.

》critical for the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next and for the functioning of cells and organisms as a whole.

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Nucleic Acids

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CLASSES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

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》DNA

》RNA

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carriers of genetic information in all living organisms.

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DNA & RNA

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primary repository of genetic instructions,

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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involved in various processes that translate and express this information.

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RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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process by which a cell duplicates its DNA prior to cell division

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DNA Replication

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regulating gene expression

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Gene expression

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central to the processes of mutation, recombination, and genetic variation.

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Variation and Evolution

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a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule.

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Transcription

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information encoded in mRNA is decoded to build a protein.

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Translation

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are minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electriccharge.

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Electrolytes

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compounds that do not contain bothcarbon and hydrogen

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Inorganic Compound

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metalloid or metal is bonded with carbon.

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Organometallic Compound

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all aspects of organic compounds

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Organic Chemistry

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methodology of their preparation

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Organic Synthesis

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acid and bases react to form water and a salt

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Neutralization Reaction