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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gasses in our atmosphere and percentages |
21% Oxygen (O2) 72% Nitrogen (N2) 1% Argon (Ar) |
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Troposphere |
0-10 km |
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Stratosphere |
-10-50 km -ozone layer exists here naturally |
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Mesosphere |
50-200 km |
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02 (ozone) molecular structure |
O-O-O (dashes = half bond) |
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How is O3 formed? |
-can be formed by lightning -bumper cars -model trains |
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where in the atmosphere ozone is found: |
stratosphere |
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How 03 and 02 interact with UV radiation |
-three steps 1). 02(g) + energy (UV Radiation) = 2 0g (oxygen atoms) -ifnot interfered with=constant amount of ozone in stratosphere (for all 3)
2). 02(g) + 0 (g) = 03 (g) -howoxygen is produced 3). 03(g) + UV Radiation = 02 (g) + 0 (g) -< ~ 320 nm (UVB) |
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Why is ozone important? |
life in single cells couldn't have developed |
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Global Ozone depletion |
-1956= ground based measurements of stratosphere ozone began-1978= comprehensive worldwide satellite measurements ofstratospheric ozone began, and continue to today. -map of ozone in America (1964-2009) downward slope inlevels of ozone -shouldn’tsee this much decline -holein ozone located at south pole -sept-October= hole @ south pole is @ its largest point forthe year -reflectsthe entire globes loss, but just focused/concentrated/centered @ the south pole -whileit will disappear in the winter months, it’s still a huge issue -May 1985= hole is discovered in ozone (published in naturemagazine) kL |
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1920's refrigerants |
-ammonia (NH3) -sulfur dioxide (SO2) -chloromethane (CH2CI) -flammable -all hazardous materials |
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Thomas Midgley Jr |
-invented “miracle compound” called freons -Freon 11 = chlorofluorocarbon -CFC II -RII |
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History and uses of CFC's |
-called "miracle compounds" because of their properties -replaced prior refrigerants |
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Properties of CFC's |
-nonreactive, non-toxic, non-flammable |
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Mario Molena |
-discovered the hole in the ozone -developed “CFC ozone depletion theory” -1995 Nobel Prize recipient |
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F. Sherwood Rowland |
-discovered how chlorofluorocarbons affected the ozone -1995 Nobel Prize recipient along with Molena |
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How CFC's destroy the ozone layer |
-CFCs can destroy upwards of 100k ozone molecules |
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EPA Mandates |
-Environmental Protection Agency. -“The ozone layer is Earth’s “sunscreen”– protecting living things from too much ultraviolet radiation. The emission ofozone depleting substances has been damaging the ozone layer. But throughdomestic and international action, the ozone layer is healing and should fullyrecover by about 2065.” |
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Montreal Protocol mandates |
-“The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Depletethe Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for theProtection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protectthe ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that areresponsible for ozone depletion.” |
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HCFC's |
-one of first substitutes= HCFC 22 -1 chlorine molecule replaced with hydrogen -mademolecule more reactive -muchshorter lifespan -instead of CFC’s
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HFC's |
-HFC 134a, no chlorine: R134a -Hydrofluorocarbon -HFC 410a (50/50) = Puron -HFC 125 -usedin many heat-pumps/ air conditioning -bannedin Europe -HFC 1234yf -usedin Europe + New Cars in U.S. -HFC do not contribute to Ozone depletion -is agreenhouse gas -contributesto global climate change |
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Ozone Depletion potential |
the ozone depletion potential of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause |
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Global ozone recovery |
-CFC phase-out -fordeveloping countries= 2010 -fordeveloped countries= 1995 -Montreal protocol = 1987 -dramaticdrop in CFC’s= good -HCFC phase-out -fordeveloping countries = 2030 -fordeveloped countries = 2020 |
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Earths average temperature |
-18°C (0°F) -supposedto be average temperature -right now= 15°C (59°F) -allows water in liquid form |
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Greenhouse Effect |
-Some of the suns energy is absorbed by the Earth’s surface -Some energy is reflected back to space -greenhouse gasses absorb some of this energy. The loweratmosphere which emits some energy back to earth -Earth’s surface is heated + emits energy towards space -WhyEarth’s average temperature = 59° |
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Gasses that are not greenhouse gasses |
-N2 (Nitrogen) ((Molecule)) -02 (Oxygen) ((Molecule)) -Ar (Argon) ((Atom)) |
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Greenhouse gasses |
-CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) ((Molecule)) (((Greenhouse gas))) -leadinggas causing Earth’s avg. temp to rise -H20 -notharmful but does contribute -CFC’s-HCFC’s-HFC’s -molecules are not rigid structures |
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What infrared (IR) radiation does to molecules |
-causes some molecules to vibrate -molecule can only absorb Infrared when it becomesunsymmetrical when it vibrates -symmetric= cannot absorb heat radiation -unsymmetrical= absorb IR (Infrared) radiation -aregreenhouse gasses |
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CO2 structure |
O=C=O |
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How CO2 vibrates |
- Moleculesthat have just two atoms, they vibrate by simply moving closer together andthen further apart. This is why carbon dioxide absorbs and emits infrared (IR)radiation, while nitrogen and oxygen molecules do not. |
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What makes a vibration able to absorb IR radiation |
-This ability to absorb and re -emit infrared energy is what makes CO2 an effective heat-trapping greenhouse gas. -Not all gas molecules are able to absorb IR radiation. -CO2 molecules can vibrate in ways that simplernitrogen and oxygen molecules cannot, which allows CO2 molecules to capturethe IR photons. |
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Historic CO2 trends |
-relatively constant until 1860 -after1860= industrial revolution -1850 =industrial revolution -August 1958- August 2016 = CO2 concentration graduallybuilding up to about 440 ppm -some seasonal trends are apparent, but mostly increasing -peak concentration = 280 ppm -recordheight in 2 million years |
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Current CO2 concentrations |
-the current CO2 concentration is about 400 ppm |
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Automobile CO2 production |
8640 pounds of CO2 -4.3 tons |
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Observations and indicators of a warning world |
-GOING UP = -Seasurfaces temperature -Humidity -Temperatureover oceans -Sealevel -Oceanheat content -Temperatureover land -troposphere(air temperature near surfaces) -GOING DOWN = -SeaIce -SnowCover -Glaciers |
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Consequences of climate change |
-Higher temperatures • Changing landscapes • Wildlife atrisk • Rising seas • Displaced populations • Increased risk of drought, fire& floods • Stronger storms and related damage • Increase in heat-relatedillness & disease • Economic loses • Potential conflictsGݪAj |
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Global response to increasing CO2 |
-create protocols to reduce CO2 |
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Kyoto Protocol |
-US 7% GHG reduction • European Union 8% GHG reduction • Japan 6% GHG reduction • Developing Nations No GHG reduction |
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Paris 2015 |
-first universal climate agreement -limit temperature rise below 2 -publish greenhouse gas reduction -help poorer nations -carbon neutral by 2050- 2100 |
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Forms of energy:potential, kinetic: |
-potential energy (stored energy, energy of position) chemical energy nuclear energy, stored mechanical -kinetic (motion) electricity light (EM) Heat (almost every form of energy can be turned into heat) |
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energy units: J, cal, Cal, watt |
-calorie (cal) -1 calis the amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1°c -Dietary Calorie (Cal) = 1000cal = 1kcal -joule (J) < cal - 1 Jis the amount of energy required to raise a 1 kg (~2.2lb) object 10 cm againstthe force of gravity -1 cal= 4.184 (J) -toheat an average cup of coffee = 60,000 J or 60kJ |
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Global energy consumption: |
-2014= 5.47*10^20 joules -2015= 5.52*10^20 joules -Energy -Industrial(Production of goods) = 51% -Commercial(banks, commercial) = 12% -Transportation= 20% -Residential= 17% ~20% in form of electricity -70% =produced by burning coal |
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Michael Faraday: (1791-1867) |
-1831 (Electromagnetic radiation) -copper wires and magnets -happenswithin generators -coal= most abundant power source on Earth |
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James Watt |
James Watt was an inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements in steam engine technology drove the Industrial Revolution |
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How electricity is produced |
Electricity for powering our homes is made in power stations. A power station contains large machines called turbines, which are turned very quickly. Power stations need large amounts of energy to turn the turbines. Most use heat energy produced from burning coal. |
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W, kW, MW, GW |
-1 W = 1 J/s (power unit) -1,000 W= KW -10,000 KW=1 MW -1,000MW=1 GW= 1,000,000,000 W |
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Fossil fuels reserves |
-windmill =1.5-5 MW -Hoover Dam can produce ~ 2 GW |
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What is electricity? |
-electrons moving through a conductor (wire) |