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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. What was the first Brazilian economic cycle based on?
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Brazilwood
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2. Brazil fell into the Portuguese zone of exploration and settlement by virtue of what?
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Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494
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3. What was the principal activity of the bandeirantes?
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The capture of indigenous slaves
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4. What hampered the resistance of Brazilian natives to conquest and enslavement?
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The tendency of tribes to war with each other
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5. How did the Jesuits arouse the hostility of the Brazilian planters?
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By their program for settling indigenous converts in Jesuit mission villages
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6. The principal threat to Portuguese sovereignty over Brazil came from which European nation?
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Holland
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7. The decline of the Brazilian sugar industry by the late 17th century was primarily because of competition from where?
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Competition from more efficient Caribbean plantations and refineries
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8. The 18th century mineral cycle initiated a major shift in Brazil’s center of economic gravity from where to where?
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North to south
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9. What was an important element in Pombal’s effort to reconquer Brazilian markets for Portugal?
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Formation of companies with monopolies of trade with particular regions of Brazil
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10. The government of Portuguese Brazil differed from that of the Spanish Indies in what way?
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Much smaller scale of the Portuguese administration
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11. In colonial Brazil, great landowners often enhanced their personal influence how?
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With the immense power attached to the office of capitão mor
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12. Individuals in Brazil tended to be classified racially on the basis of their what?
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Their social and economic status
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13. The view that Brazilian slavery was milder than slavery in other colonies was largely fostered by whose writings?
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Gilberto Freyre
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14. The most famous Brazilian fugitive slave settlement was where?
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Palmares
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15. The War of the Mascates was a struggle between whom?
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A struggle between Brazilian-born mazombos and peninsulars
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16. Treatment of enslaved Africans in Brazil was especially harsh because slave owners were able to do what?
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To coldly calculate that they could double their profits by working slaves to death
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51. What was an important function of the Council of the Indies?
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To nominate all high colonial officials to the king
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52. What was an important function of oidores?
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To make regular tours of inspection of their provinces
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53. What was the worst abuse of the corregidor’s authority?
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The mandatory purchase of goods from him by the natives of his district
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54. When did the sale of colonial offices by the crown become the standard practice?
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Beginning in the reign of Philip II
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55. Why did Philip II favor the secular over the regular clergy?
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Because he disliked the independent spirit shown by the regulars regarding Spain’s policy toward indigenous peoples
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56. Which religious order was the wealthiest in the Spanish colonies?
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The Society of Jesus
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57. From an economic point of view, which missionary effort was the most successful?
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The Jesuit missions in Paraguay
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58. The great majority of cases tried by the colonial Inquisition had to do with type of
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Offenses against morality
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59. What did the Laws of the Indies assign mestizos of legitimate birth?
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Assigned mestizos of legitimate birth equal status with whites
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510. The patronato real refers to royal control over what?
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Control over ecclesiastical affairs in Spain and the colonies
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511. What was one legacy of the colonial period for independent Latin America?
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The contrast between such nominal concentration of power and the effective supremacy of great landowners on the local level
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512. What was the residencia?
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Judicial review of an official’s conduct at the end of his term of office
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513. Who were viceroys and captains-general?
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The supreme military and civil authority in the Spanish colonies
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514. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz was a literary giant whose intellectual achievements were fostered by what?
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By convent life that freed women from male domination and exploitation
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515. What was the censo?
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A common method for landowners to endow religious institutions by mortgaging estates
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516. Limpieza de sangre and the colonial hierarchy of castas shows that the idea of race was what?
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Socially constructed to rationalize and preserve the power of a tiny ruling elite
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