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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The research design for a quantitative study involves decisions with regard to all of the following except:Which conceptual framework to use,
Whether there will be an intervention, What types of comparisons will be made, How many times data will be collected, |
Which conceptual framework to use
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One of the functions of a rigorous research design in quantitative studies, including nonexperimental studies, is to have control over:
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Extraneous variables
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A true experiment requires all the following except:A) Control B)Manipulation C)Double-blind procedures D) Randomization
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Double-blind procedures
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When researchers simultaneously manipulate two independent variables, the design is a:
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Factorial design
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How many hypotheses can be tested in a 2 × 2 factorial design?
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3
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The use of a random numbers table for assigning subjects to groups eliminates:
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Selection threat
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Which of the following must be present in quasi-experimental research?
A)A comparison group B)Manipulation of a variable C)Matching of subjects D)Randomization |
Manipulation of a variable
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A one-group pretest-posttest design is an example of a:
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Preexperimental design
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In order for a researcher to examine interaction effects, which of the following designs must be used? A)A nonequivalent control group design
B)A case-control design C)A factorial design D)A prospective design |
A factorial design
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What feature of a nonequivalent control group design makes it quasi-experimental rather than preexperimental?
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The use of a pretest
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A pretest is to a posttest as:
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The baseline measure is to the outcome measure
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One weakness associated with ex post facto research is the:
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Problem of self-selection into groups
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Which of the following research designs is weakest in terms of the researcher's ability to establish causality?
A)Experimental B)Ex post facto C)Preexperimental D)Quasi-experimental |
Ex post facto
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In an ex post facto study, as compared with an experimental study, the researcher forfeits control of:
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The independent variable
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In a study in which medical diagnosis is the independent variable, an ex post facto study is essential because the independent variable:
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Inherently cannot be manipulated
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If a researcher wanted to describe the relationship between women's age and frequency of performing breast self-examination, the study would be classified as:
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Descriptive correlational
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Studies that collect data at one point in time are referred to as:
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Cross-sectional studies
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A study that followed, over a 20-year period, users and nonusers of oral contraceptives to determine if there were any long-term side effects would be called a:
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Prospective study
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Which of the following designs involves the use of the same subjects at several points in time?
A) Trend study B) Cross-sectional study C) Panel study D) All of the above |
Panel study
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Constancy of conditions is often enhanced through:
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Having standard written research protocols
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Using the principle of homogeneity to control for extraneous variables has implications for:
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Generalizability of the findings
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Ways by which a researcher can control extraneous variables in an ex post facto study include all of the following except:
A)Using a homogeneous sampleB)Analysis of covariance C)Matching subjects D)Randomization |
Randomization
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The most effective method of controlling extraneous variables is by:
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Randomization
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The researcher must know in advance the extraneous variables that are to be controlled for which of the following procedures?
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History
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In a nonequivalent control group design, the most serious threat to internal validity is:
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Selection
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A study is internally valid if:
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All alternative explanations of the results can be ruled out
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The sampling plan for a research study affects the study's:
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Selection threat
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Which of the following can reduce the statistical conclusion validity of a study?
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Low power
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The researcher manipulates the independent variable in experimental research.
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True
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The experimental treatment is the dependent variable.
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False
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Quasi-experimental research requires the use of a comparison group.
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False
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The most effective method for equalizing groups of subjects that are being compared in a study is matching.
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False
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The one-group pretest-posttest design is an example of a preexperimental design.
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True
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The type of quantitative research that has the least controls associated with it is called quasi-experimental.
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False
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In a pretest-posttest design, a researcher collects data from subjects twice.
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True
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Preexperimental, quasi-experimental, and experimental research have one common feature: manipulation.
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True
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The purpose of both experimental and ex post facto research is to determine the relationships that exist between the variables of interest.
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True
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A researcher would choose a nonexperimental approach when ethical constraints prevented manipulation of the independent variable.
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True
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A case-control design is typically used in preexperimental studies.
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False
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A major weakness of ex post facto research is the risk of making faulty interpretations from the results.
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True
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A potential problem in an experimental study is the high risk of self-selection bias.
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False
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A study that focused on cognitive development among preterm infants would ideally use a cross-sectional design.
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False
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Retrospective designs are stronger in elucidating causal relationships than are prospective designs.
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False
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More than one type of research control technique may be used in the same study.
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True
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A heterogeneous sample helps to control the influence of extraneous variables in a study.
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False
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If there is no constancy of conditions in a study, history becomes a potential threat to its internal validity.
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True
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The threat of mortality can arise as a result of differential attrition from groups.
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True
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The threat of maturation is one that applies primarily to studies involving children.
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False
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The major threat to the internal validity of a case-control study is typically the maturation threat.
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False
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One way to weaken the statistical conclusion validity of a study is to use too large a sample.
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False
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