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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
fermentation |
a partial degradation (break down) of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.
when sugars are broken down on their own. |
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aerobic respiration |
respiration in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel (like sugars, fats, or starches) to release energy.
oxygen combines with organic fuel to make energy. |
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anaerobic respiration |
respiration without oxygen-- a catabolic pathway in which oxygen is not consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel-- includes alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
energy is released without the use of oxygen to mix with organic fuel |
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oxidation |
loss of electrons (OIL RIG) - Oxidation Is Loss
electrons are given to the other side so that the other side does reduction |
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reduction |
gain of electrons (oil RIG) - Reduction Is Gain
electrons are taken from the other side so that the other side does oxidation |
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reducing agent |
the electron donor in a redox reaction gives an e- (is oxidized) to reduce the other reactant.
the oxidized side allows the other to be reduced |
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oxidizing agent |
the electron acceptor in a redox reaction, gets an e- from other reactant (is reduced), to oxidize other reactant.
the reduced side allows the other side to oxidize |
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NAD+ |
Electron Taxi. Main electron carrier (acceptor) of respiration. Switches easily between NAD+=oxidized (lost e-); NADH=reduced (gains e-). Gets reduced by gaining 2 e- and H+ from glucose breakdown. A derivative of the vitamin niacin.
Becomes oxidized by losing an electron in the breakdown of glucose and then reduced by gaining 2. |
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electron transport chain |
3rd step of respiration: A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane molecules) that use electron energy dropped off by electron taxis (NADH, FADH2) to pump H+ out in the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
These molecules use the energy from electron taxis to make energy |
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Krebs (citric acid) cycle |
2nd step of respiration: 8 step cycle where enzymes help pyruvate to be oxidized to remove electron energy and carbon.
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glycolysis |
1st step of respiration: molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of puryvic acid (glycol=sugar, lysis= breaking). Produces 2 net ATP and 2 NADH (electron energy); most energy still in pyruvate.
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oxidative phosporylation |
The production of ATP at ATP synthase using energy from the H+ is pumped out during the electron transport chain. Oxygen is final electron acceptor (oxidative) and energy of electrons is used to phosphorylate (add a phoshorus) to ADP to ATP to store energy.
Oxygen is used to add phosporus to store ATP |
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substrate level phosporylation |
The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
ATP is made when a phosphate group is moved to ADP. |
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chemiosmosis |
Diffusion of chemicals (H+ protons) in chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP.
As protons move through the membrane, ATP is created.
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proton motive force |
the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of H+ (hydrogen) ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.
potential energy stored by pumping of hydrogen moving through the membrane. |
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alcohol fermentation |
The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol-- a form of anaerobic respiration.
When pyruvate turns into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. |
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lactic acid fermentation |
The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of CO2-- a form of anaerobic respiration.
When pyruvate turns into lactate, no CO2 release |
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Mitochondria Structure and Function |
-Outer membrane -Inner membrane (proteins of electron transport chain are here) -Intermembrane space (H+ pumped out from ETC builds up high concentration here) -Crista (folds of inner membrane increase surface area for ETC proteins) -Matrix (cytoplasm fluid inside the inner membrane) |