Chapter 8 Phi

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When we begin with observations about SOME members of a group and then generalize about ALL of them we use a kind of reasoning known as

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Enumerative induction

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In enumerative induction, the WHOLE collection of individuals being examined is called...

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Sample, Target group

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An enumerative inductive argument can FAIL TO BE STRONG because

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both a and c The target is too small, and the sample is not representative

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When we draw a conclusion about a target group based on INADEQUATE SAMPLE SIZE

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Hasty Generalization

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A sample that DOES NOT PROPERLY REPRESENT the target group is called a

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Biased sample

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A sample that is SELECTED RANDOMLY from a target group in such a way as to ensure that the sample is representative is known as a

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Random sample

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A self selecting sample is

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Not likely to be representative

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EX credit: the probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error is called the

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confidence level

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In an argument by analogy, the more relavant similarites there are between the things being compared, the more probable the

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Conclusion

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An inductive argument whose conclusion contains a causal claim is known as

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A causal argumenta

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A sufficient condition for the occurrence of an event is one that guarantees that the event occurs

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True

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A necessary condition for the occurrence of an event is one without which the event can still occur.

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False

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Mills method of concomitant variation says that when 2 events are highly correlated, there is a high likelihood that they are causually related

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True

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An enumerative induction has this pattern: Thing A has properties P1 P2 P3 plus the propety P4. Thing B has properties P1 P2 and P3 There fore, thing B probably has property P4

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False

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Ppl. who misjudge the probablilities involved in an occurrence are especially prone to thinking " it can't be just coincidence"

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True

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x's being a mother is a necessary condition for x's being female...

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false

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x's being a mother is a necessary condition for x's being a female.

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False

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A strong enumerative induction cannot have false premises

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False

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Pple are often guilty of biased sampling through selective attention

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True

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Ppl are very good at selecting things in random fashion

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false

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The assertion that P is necessary for Q is equivalent to

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Both :If P than Q
Q can't be true unless P is true

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x's having 2 arms is a necessary condition for x's being a human being

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False

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To say the P is sufficient for Q is to say " If P then Q".

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True

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Being a mammal is a sufficient condition for being human

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False

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Something is a brother if and only if it is a male sibling. This means that being a male sibling is both necessary and sufficient for something to be a brother

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True

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An enumerative induction has this pattern: P1, P2, P3 Therefore, thing B probably has property P4

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False

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An analogical induction has this pattern: Thing A has properties P1, P2, P3 plus the property P4.

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True

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80% of the cases in which we observe an increase of blood XYZ levels, we also observe a higher incidence of blood pressure levels.

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This is an example of correlation

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Our experiments show that the XYZ molecule enters the cell through the cell's acetylcholine receptors, because these receptors respond to XYZ exactly as they would to acetylcholine molecules....

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This is an example of a causal relation

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As Bilbo Baggins said< "I don't know half as well as i should lke and i like less than half of your, as well as you deserve

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None of the above

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The in Star Wars, The Force is like duct tape: it has a dark side and a light side.

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None of the above: this is a literary analogy

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"Any friend of the sun devil is a friend of mine." this has the structure of

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Analogical induction

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Half of my republican friends like sarah Palin, therefore the next republican i met has a 50 % chance of liking her too

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This is an example of an analogical inductive argument

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Half of my republican friends like Sarch Palin, therefore 50% of all republic party members like her too

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This is an example of an enumerative inductive argument

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Sam has loved every Honda he has ever bought. So he will probably love the one he bought last week

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This is an exaple of analogical inductive argument

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If a single cell becomes a person in the course of a few years, there can be no difficulty in understanding that a single cell over the course of millions of years could give orgin to the human race.

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both weak an strong Analogical inductive argument

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1)Bob drew the Ace of Diamonds from an ordinary deck of playing cards.
2) Bob drew an Ace from a deck of ordinary playing cards

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1 is a sufficient, but not necessary condition for 2

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1 Today is Wednesday
2 It is now later than Tuesday and earlier than Thursday

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1 is both sufficient and necessary condition 2

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1 Alex is my brother-in-law
2 Alex is not an only child

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1 is neither suffecient nor necessary condition 2

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1 Alices son is not married
2 Alice is a not grandmother

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1 is neither suffecient nor necessary condition 2

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1 john love pamela
2 Pamela loves john

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1 is neither suffecient nor a necessary condition 2

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1 Alice has some cows, sheep, and goats
2 Alice has livestock

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1 is a sufficient but not necessary condition 2

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Most ppl are feed up with celebrities who get up on their soap boxes and the air their political opnions. When ppl on the street have been asked by TV reporters how they feel about this issue, the almost always say that they wish that celebrities would keep their opinions to themselves...Target group=

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ppl in general

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Most ppl are feed up with celebrities who get up on their soap boxes and the air their political opnions. When ppl on the street have been asked by TV reporters how they feel about this issue, the almost always say that they wish that celebrities would keep their opinions to themselves... SAMPLE =

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ppl on the street who have been questioned by TV reporters

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Most ppl are feed up with celebrities who get up on their soap boxes and the air their political opnions. When ppl on the street have been asked by TV reporters how they feel about this issue, the almost always say that they wish that celebrities would keep their opinions to themselves... RELEVANT PROPERTY

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being fed up with celebrities who voice their opinions

Front 46

Most ppl are feed up with celebrities who get up on their soap boxes and the air their political opnions. When ppl on the street have been asked by TV reporters how they feel about this issue, the almost always say that they wish that celebrities would keep their opinions to themselves.... this agrument is ____ because the sample is _____

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weak, small