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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behaviors of its members
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Norms
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more serious, moral issue norms
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Mores
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norms formerly created through a society's political system
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Law
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civil law and criminal law
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types of law
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defines legal rights and relationships involving individuals and businesses, involves harms leading to a financial settlement
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civil law
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defines people's responsibilities to uphold public order, involves arrest and punishment
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criminal law
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violation of the criminal laws enacted by federal, state, or local governments
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Crime
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misdemeanors and felonies
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types of crime
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less serious crimes punishable by less than one year in jail
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misdemeanors
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more serious cromes punishable by at least one year in prison
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felonies
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number of police recorded serious crimes each year
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12 million
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the high numver of crimes and extensive media coverage has led to this becoming a social problem as well
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fear of crime
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ways to measure crime
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UCR, NIBRS, NCVS, and self-report questionnaires
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conducted annually by the FBI, participation is voluntary, little info. on individual crime, criminal, or victim
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Uniform Crime Report
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crime that involves violence or the threat of violence against others
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Part I - Crimes against persons
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crime the involves theft of property belonging to others
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Part I - Crimes against property
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contain most other "lesser" crimes, usually consist of a state count
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Part II offenses
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only the most serious crimes are counted
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hierarchy rule
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developed to address the limitations of the UCR, joint effor of the FBI and the Bureau of Justice Statistics
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National Incident-Based Reporting System
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conducted annually and surveys people about their victimization of the previous year, shows that there could be 2 to 3 times as much crime than recorded
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National Crime Victimization Survey
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surveys given to known offenders asking about their criminal activity, shows that there's a lot that people don't get caught for doing
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Self-report Questionnaires
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the carnal knowledge of a femle forcibly and against her will
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rape
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costs $17 billion a year in losses
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property crime
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most common of UCR Part I crimes
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larceny-theft
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age of criminals
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mostly under 25
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gender of criminals
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men
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social class of criminals
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lower
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race of criminals
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more whites but higher risk for blacks
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violation of the law by young people
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juvenile delinquency
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criminal offense against a person, property, or society motivated by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity
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hate crime
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illegal act committed by peopole during the course of their employment or regular business activities, offender is not labeled a criminal
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white-collar crime
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costs of white-collar crime
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$100 billion
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illegal act committed by a corporation or others acting on its behalf
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corporate crime
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knowingly producing faulty or dangerous products
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gross negligence
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business operation that supplies illegal goods and services
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organized crime
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passed to help fight organized crime, allowing authorities to seize property and assets used or acquired in the commission of crime
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Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO)
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offenses that directly harm no one but the person who commits them, violate widespread norms
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victimless crime
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society's organized means to enforce the law through the use of police, courts, and prisons
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criminal justice system
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number of police officers in the US
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665,000
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6 factors that guide police
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How serious is crime, what does victim want, is suspect cooperative, does suspect have a record, bystanders watching, suspect's race
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involves officers being more visible in a community, getting to know the local neighborhood
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commuting policing
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policy by which police respond to any offense, regardless of the 6 factors noted earlier
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zero tolerance policing
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how many arrested suspects are released for lack of evidence
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1/2
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negotiation in which the state reduces defendant's charge in exchange for a guilty plea, how 90% of cases end up
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plea bargaining
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4 goals of punishment
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retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, societal protection
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moral vengeance by which society inflicts suffering on an offender comparable to that caused by the offense
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retribution
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using punishment to discourage further crime
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deterrence
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individual is discouraged from future crime
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specific deterrence
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everyone is taught a lesson by what happened to the individual
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general deterrence
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reforming the offender to prevent future offenses
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rehabilitation
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protecting the public by rendering an offender incapable fo further offenses through incarceration or by execution
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societal protection
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subsequent offesnes by people previously convicted of crimes
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criminal recidivism
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correctional programs located in society at large rather than behind prison walls
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community-based corrections
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a powerful negative social label that radically changes a person's self-concept and social identity
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stigma
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supervision within the community following conditions such as drug treatment, curfews, employment, etc.
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probation
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brief term in jail, followd by probation
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shock probation incarceration
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releasing inmates early to be supervised in the community, has been scaled back
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parole
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studied physical features of men in prison and concluded that they were physically different, but had no control group
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Cesare Lombroso
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looked at both criminals and non-criminals and found differences in body types, criminals were mesomorphs
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William Sheldon
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supported Sheldon's results but believed that it wasn't body type alone, mesomorphs are more socialized to be bullies
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Gluecks
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investigated abnormal personalities in terms of a boy's moral conscience, asked teachers to identify boys as deliquent and non-delinquent and interviewed the boy and mother
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Reckless and Dinitz
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argued that if crime exists everywhere it must be useful, functionalist
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Emile Durkheim
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4 ways crime is useful
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affirms society's norms, clarify line btw right and wrong, brings people together, encourages social change
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developed strain theory, functionalist
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robert merton
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developed opportunity structure, becoming a criminal depends on presence of illegitimate opportunity
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Cloward and Ohlin
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developed control theory, asks why doesn't everyone engage in crime
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travis hirschi
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crime is discouraged with social ties, these are the four kinds, functionalist
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attachment to others, committed to conformity, involved in conventional activities, belief in rightness of cultural norms
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developed differential association theory, when deviant behaviors are encouraged, they are likely to occur, interactionism
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Edwin Sutherland
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developed labeling theory, crime results from how others respond to what people do, interactionism
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Howard Becker
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developed primary and secondary deviance, when actions are responded to negatively the person will take on the new status as a deviant, interactionism
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Edwin Lemert
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developed the power of stigma, interactionism
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Erving Goffman
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any chemical substance other than food or water that affects the mind or body
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drug
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drug uses
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therapeutic,recreational, escape, spiritual, or social conformity
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use of any illegal substance or the use of a legal substance in a way that violates accepted medical practice
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drug abuse
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physical or psychological craving for a drug, often involving withdrawal symptoms
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addiction
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state in which a person’s body has adjusted to regular use of a drug
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dependency
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elevate alertness, changing a person’s mood by increasing energy, Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine and Crack, Amphetamines, Ritalin
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Stimulants
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slow the operations of the central nervous system, Analgesics, Sedatives, Hypnotics, Alcohol, Antipsychotics
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depressants
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stopping the movement of drugs across the countries borders
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interdiction
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locking up drug dealers
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prosecution
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removing the current criminal penalties that punish the manufacturing, sale, and personal use of drugs
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decriminalization
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regulate drug use,drugs help society operates by easing social interaction or helping people deal with daily demands
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functionalism
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• Becoming a drug user is a learning process, just like becoming anything else, where progress depends on numerous personal, social, and environmental influences
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symbolic interaction
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drug regulation is just another avenue for the powerful to enforce and protect their interests
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social conflict
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behavior that causes damage to property or injury to people
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violence
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violence carried out by government representatives under the law
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Institutional violence
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violence directed against the government in violation of the law
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Anti-institutional violence
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doesn't cause violence but desensitizes us to it
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violent media
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