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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is personality?
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sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual p98
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What is heredity?
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the transmissionof genetic characteristics from parents to children p98
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What is an instinct?
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unchanging biologically inherited behavior pattern p98
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What is sociobiology?
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social science that studies human society and social behavior p98
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What is an aptitude?
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capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge p99
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What are feral children?
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wild or untamed children p102
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Who was John B. Watson? What did he believe regarding nature versus nurture?
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John B Watson was an American psychology who believed that he could take a healthy baby and train them to be anything he wanted (nurture more important than nature) p98
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Who were the Ik? What does their experience show?
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The Ik were a pople of norther Uganda. Their experience shows the poweral effects of cultural environment: they changed drastically when their cultural environment changed pp101-102
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Who was Kingsley Davis?
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he was a researcher that studied the feral children - Anna and Isabelle. his findings point strongly to the conclusion that our personality comes from our cultural environment
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Who was Rene Spitz? What were the results of his studies?
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In 1945 psychologist Rene Spitz studied the effects of institutionalization on a group of infants living in an orphanage. His results showed that human interaction is very important for social and psychological development. p106
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What are the four principal factors that contemporary sociologists see as influencing personality development and social behavior?
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heredity, birth order, parental characteristics, and cultural environment
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According to research by Rene Spitz, what effect does the lack of close human contact have on institutionalized children?
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It can lead to severe effects such as causing children to waste away and die or to have stunted development.
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What two factors seem to make a big difference in the levels of success in the efforts to teach Anna, Isabelle, and Genie to function normally in society?
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the amount of human contact each child had and the age at which each child was found
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What seems to be the relation of the amount of human contact to levels of success in the efforts to teach Anna, Isabelle, and Genie to function normally in society?
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the less human contact the less the child was able to recover
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What are some generalizations that can be made regarding the levels of success in the efforts to teach Anna, Isabelle, and Genie to function normally in society?
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the more severe and the longer the isolation, the less the child was able to recover
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What is socialization?
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the interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society p107
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What is self?
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conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates us from other members of society p107
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What is looking-glass self?
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interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others p107
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What is role-taking?
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taking or pretending to take the role of others p108
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According to sociologists, what are significant others?
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specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, other relatives,and friends, who have a direct influence on our socialization p108
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What is a generalized other?
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internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society that we use to guide our behavior and reinforce our sense of self p108
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What is "I"?
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the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of the personality and self-identity p109
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What is "me"?
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the part of the identity that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society, the socialized self p109
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Who was John Locke? What theory of socialization did he propose?
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John Locke was an English philospher of the 1600s who proposed the tabula rasa theory. He insisted that each newly born human being is a tabular rasa, or clean slate, on which just about anything can be written. p107
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What does the tabula rasa theory propose about socialization?
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John Locke insisted that each newly born human being is a tabular rasa, or clean slate, on which just about anything can be written. The cultural environment is more important than heredity. p107
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What philospher proposed the tabula rasa theory of socialization?
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English philospher, John Locke (1600s) p107
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Who was Charles Horton Cooley and what theory of socialization did he propose?
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Charles Horton Cooley was a scial psychologist (one of the founders of the interactionist perspective in sociology). He is most known for the idea of the primary group. His socialization theory is called the looking-glass self. p107
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What are the three steps of the looking-glass self?
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1. we imagine how we appear to others; 2. we determine whether others view us as we view ourselves; and 3. we use our perceptions of how others judge use to develop feeling about ourselves p107-108
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Who is George Herbert Mead and what theory of socialization did he propose?
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George Herbert Mead was an American philospher and another founder of the interactionist perspective of sociology. He proposed the role-taking theory of socialization p108-109
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What social psychologist proposed the looking-glass theory of socialization?
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Charles Horton Cooley p107
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According to George Herbert Mead, what is role-taking and what three stages do children go through when developing the skills needed for role-taking?
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Role-taking is to take or pretend to take on the roles of others, to anticipate what others expect of us. The three steps are imitation, play and games. p108-109
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According to George Herbert Mead, what are the two components of the self, and how are they related?
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I - the spontanious, unsocialized, self-interested component of personality; the me - the socialized self; they combine to form a well-rounded personality p108-109
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What theory of socialization did George Herbert Mead propose?
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the role-taking theory p 108-109
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What are agents of socialization?
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specific individuals, groups, and institutions that provide the situations in which socialization can occur p112
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What is a peer group?
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primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and social characteristics p112
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What is mass media?
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newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, films and other forms of cummunication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the individuals sending the information and those receiving it p113, 386
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What is a total institution?
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setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and subjected to the control of officials of varied ranks; total institutions are primarly concerned with resocialization p115
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What is resocialization?
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break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms, total institutions are primarly concerned with resocialization p115
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In what ways are total institutions different from other agents of socialization?
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Total institutions are concered with resocialization rather thatn socialization. p115
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How are social institutions such as family and school important?
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They teach children important life skills, as well as, values, norms and beliefs.
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How has the nature-versus-nurture debate evolved? What do most social scientists today believe?
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Most social scientists today believe that both environment and heredity affect personality. Many believe that the cultural environment holds more weight in most instances.
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What do social scientists believe are the four principal factors that influence personality development?
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heredity, birth order, parental characteristics and cultural environment
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What does research on children reared in isolation indicate about the effects of the cultural environment on social and psychological development?
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A healthy cultural environment is essential for a child's full development.
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According to Locke, Cooley and Mead, what is the role of self in the socialization process?
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Locke, Cooley, and Mead agree that the self emerges through interaction with others. Locke believed every aspect of personality comes from one's environment. Cooley introduced the concept of the looking-glass self. Mead build upon Cooley's theory with the concept of role-taking.
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According to Cooley, how does a person's sense of self develop in early childhood and when does this process end?
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by interacting with others, imagining how they appear to others, perceiving how others view them, and using those perceptions to refine self view; the process ends at death
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What are the four primary agents of socialization in the United States?
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the family, peer group, school, and mass media p112
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When is the peer group most influential?
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Peer groups are particularly influential during the pre-teenage and early teenage years. p112
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What agent of socialization provides many, if not, most of the socializaiton experiences of early childhood in the US?
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the family p112
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What form of mass media probably has the most influence on the socialization of children in the US?
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television p113
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What are some examples of total institutions?
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Answers will vary but may include: prisons, military boot camps, monasteries, and psychiatric hospitals.
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