Chapter 4 - Tissue

Front 1

Tissue

Back 1

collection of cells that function together to carry out specialized activities

Front 2

Tissues can be (3)

Back 2

1. Solid (e.g. bone)

2. Semi-solid (e.g. adipose tissue)

3. Liquid (e.g. blood)

Front 3

Pathologists

Back 3

specialize in lab studies of cells and tissues and aid physicians in making decisions.

Front 4

Biopsies

Back 4

an examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of disease

Front 5

Autopsy

Back 5

an examination of a dead body to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease

Front 6

Types of Body Tissue (4 - describe)

Back 6

Epithelial Tissue - covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and forms glands.

-Covering and Lining Epithelium: lines and covers body cavities and ducts

-Glandular epithelium - forms glands

Connective Tissue - protects and supports body and organs. Some bind organs together, some store energy, some transport materials and provide immunity (blood), some support the body (bone)

Muscle Tissue - generates physical force to make body move, maintain posture, move substances and produce heat

Neural Tissue - detect changes in condition inside & outside body, and responds by generated nerve signals to maintain homeostasis.

Front 7

Five general features of epithelial cells

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1. Cellularity Cell - (Cell junction) - lots of cells

2. Polarity - apical & basal surfaces

3. Attachment - basement membrane or basal lamina

4. Avasculatiry - No blood vessels

5. Regenration - divide & replace

Front 8

Epithelial tissues share four functions

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1. Epithelia

2. Glands

3. Exocrine

4. Endocrine

Front 9

Cell Junction occurs where a cell membrane contacts (2)

Back 9

1. cell membrane of a neighboring cell

2. extracellular material

Front 10

Cell Tissues are held together by three types of cell junctions:

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Tight Junctions

Gap Junctions

Demosomes

Front 11

Tight Junctions

Back 11

the outter surfaces of two cells' membranes are fused together

Front 12

Gap Junctions

Back 12

Join two cells together, but leave a little gap that joins the cytoplasm of the two one cell to another

Front 13

Demosome (what and where)

Back 13

very strong connections made of transmembrane proteins that are connected to the cells cytoskeleton

-found in tissues where cells have to withstand a lot of force

Front 14

Two types of desmosomes (what and difference)

Back 14

Spot Demosome & `Hemidesmosome - half a desmosome, holds bottom to membrane

Front 15

Basement membrane consists of two layer of extracellular material:

Back 15

clear layer, dense layer

Front 16

Clear Layer

Back 16

secreted by the epithelial cells, consists of glycoproteins and some find protein filamens

Front 17

Dense Layer

Back 17

secreted by connective tissue cells, contains many collagen fibers

Front 18

Basement Membranes are important and have many functions:

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1. Support epithelial tissues and 'attach' them to connective tissue

2. Guide cells during growth and repair of tissues

3. Restrict passage of larger molecules between epithelium and connective tissue

4. Filter blood in the kidneys

Front 19

Where are stem cells found?

Back 19

near the base layer

Front 20

What does a pap smear examine?

Back 20

squamous epithelial cells

Front 21

Glandular Epithelium Function

Back 21

Secretion

Front 22

Gland

Back 22

consists of a group of cells that secrete substance into ducts, onto a surface or into the blood

Front 23

Epithelial Cell Shapes & Layers

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Squamous

Cuboidal

Columar

Single (simple) & Several (stratified)

Front 24

Connective Tissue (6 types)

Back 24

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body.

- loose connective tissue

- dense connective tissue

- cartilage

- bone

- blood

- lymph

Front 25

General Features of Connective Tissue include:

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- Connective tissue consists of cells suspended in some sort of matrix. Matrix includes ground substance and variety of types of fibers

-matrix is abundant with relatively few cells

-connective tissues don not occur on free surfaces (unlike epithelia)

-is highly vascular (except for catilage and tendons) (unlike epithelia)

Front 26

The types of cells present in connective tissue depends on the type of tissue and includes: (3)

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1. Cells - types of cells present in connective tissue depends on type of tissue

2. Fibers - provide strength and support for tissues

3. Ground Substance - contain water and an assortment of large molecules making it syrupy`

Front 27

Different types of cells present in connective tissue (3)

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1.Blast-type cells

2.Cyte-type cells

3.Immune System Cells

Front 28

Three different types of fibers in tissues

Back 28

Collagen Fibers

Reticular Fibers

Elastic Fibers

Front 29

Marfan Syndrome

Back 29

Disorder of connective tissue. Defect, or mutation, in the gene that determines the structure of fibrillin-1, a protein that is an important part of connective tissue. A person with Marfan syndrome is born with thedisorder, even though it may not be diagnosed until later in life.

Front 30

Four Types of Tissue Membranes cover body surfaces:

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Mucous Membrane, Serous Membrane, Cutaneous Membrane, Synovial Membrane

Front 31

Mucous Memrane

Back 31

moist, secrete mucus. Line or cover exterior passages.

e.g. digestive, respiratory, reproduction

moist helps reduce friction & increase absorbotion

Lamina Propria - Areolar Connective Tissue

Front 32

Mucus vs Mucous

Back 32

Mucus is a noun, mucous is an adjective

Front 33

Serous Membrane (where?)

Back 33

line sealed, internal subdivisons of the ventral body cavity.

Thin, slippery serous membrane covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal covaities & also lines walls of thorax and abdomen

Front 34

Cutaneous membrane

Back 34

skin or integument

Front 35

Synovial Membranes

Back 35

in joints

Front 36

Parts of the serous membrane (3)

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1. Parietal Layer - lines walls of cavities

2. Visceral Layer - covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities

3. Serous Fluid - between two layers reduces friction and allows the viscera to slide somewhat.

Front 37

The Three Main Serous Membranes:

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Pleura

Pericardium

Peritoneum

Front 38

Pleura

Back 38

surrounds the lungs, with the visceral plura clinging to the surfaces of the lungs and partial pleura lining the chest wall

Front 39

Pericardium

Back 39

surrounds the heart. The visceral pericaridum covers the surface of the heart and parietal pericaridum lines the chest wall

Front 40

Peritoneum

Back 40

covers serous membrane of the abdominal cavity, with the visceral peritoneum covering and suspending the adomina; viscera and parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall

Front 41

Synovial Memrane

Back 41

line joint cavities and produce synovial fluid. It is not an epithelial tissue.

Front 42

Mucociliary Escalator

Back 42

Cilia moves mucus up out of lungs, etc. Smoking damages cilia.

Front 43

Fasciae

Back 43

layers of connective tissue that wrap and support organs of the body. They provide strength, keep internal organs in position and contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.

Front 44

Three Layers of Fasciae

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Superficial fascia

Deep fascia

Visceral

Front 45

Superficial Fascia

Back 45

(hypodermis) separates the skin from underlying layers

Front 46

Deep Fascia

Back 46

forms an internal network, and binds to capsules around organs, to tendons and ligaments

Front 47

Visceral Fascia

Back 47

separates the serous membranes from deep fascia

Front 48

Necrotizing Fascilitis

Back 48

an infection causing inflammation of fascia

Front 49

Inflammation

Back 49

Designed to protect against pathogens but triggered by injury

Front 50

What forms pus?

Back 50

accumulated dead cells

Front 51

Abcess

Back 51

pus that has no exit from the body and so it forms an abcess

Front 52

Explain process of inflammation

Back 52

Damaged tissue undergoes necrosis. Accumulated dead cells form pus. Pus doesn't exit body and forms abcess. Dead and damaged cells release chemicals that trigger inflammation

Front 53

Inflammation can spiral out of control in sock by

Back 53

usually due to an infection by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - bearing Gram-negative bacteria — spirals out of control progressing until it involves the entire body. This life-threatening development is called sepsis. (causing cytokine storm)

Front 54

Inflammation has three main purposes:

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1. Neutralize or destroy invading/harmful agents

2. Limit the spread of harmful agents to other tissue

3. Prepare any damaged tissue for repair

Front 55

Muscle Tissue (3 types)

Back 55

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Front 56

Muscle Tissue (2 functons)

Back 56

Specialized fro contraction: contains actin and myosin

Produces all body movement

Front 57

Neural Tissue

Back 57

- electrical impulses

- rapidly sense internal or external enviroment

- Neurons and Neuroglia

Front 58

Timelines of Injury (Inflammation)

Back 58

Injury: tissues contains an abnormal concentration of pathogens, toxins, waste products (potassium/protein)

Triggers Mast Cells to Activate

Release = Histamine, Heparin, Postglandins (pain signals)

Inflammation (swelling, heat, pain)

Increase Blood Flow, Increase Vessel Permeability (if all goes bad... loss of function)

Increase local Temp, Oxygen & Nutrients, Phagocytosis, Removal of toxins and wastes

Inflammation subsides

Regeneration (repair) - fibroblasts move in and produce collagen to fix things up (scar tissue)(fibrosis)

Front 59

Which tissues repair well and do not?

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Epithelial Tissue Repairs well

Cardiac and Neurons do not regenerate (or regenerate poorly)

Front 60

Chronic Inflammation

Back 60

Related to 25% of all cancers

Liver Cancer - hep B and/or C virus

Lung cancer follow inflammation due to inherited irritants in smoke

Cervical cancer follows chronic inflammation due to papilloma virus or chlamydiae

Front 61

Inflammation vs. Infection

Back 61

Infection will always causes inflammation

Inflammation can happen without infection

Front 62

Aging and Tissue structure

Back 62

-Speed & Efficiency of repair decreases with age

(slower, hormonal, reduced physical activity)

Front 63

Effects of Aging

Back 63

increases bruising, bone brittleness

Joint Pain

Cardio Disease

Mental Deterioration

thinning tissues

Front 64

Blast-type cells

Back 64

cells that retain ability to divide and produce matrix

Front 65

Cyte-type cells

Back 65

cells that have reduced ability to divide or produce matrix. These cells maintain the matrix

Front 66

Immune System Cells

Back 66

Macrophages (and neutrophils) - cells capable of engulfing or neutralizing microbes and removing cellular debris

Mast Cells, Plasma cells & Lymphocytes - cells that participate in the immune and/or inflammatory response (the body's reaction to injury or infection)

Front 67

Elastic Fibers

Back 67

composed of the protein elastin. They are able to stretch up to 150% of their relaxed length and return to their original shape. They are found in skin, blood vessels and lungs

Front 68

Collagen Fibers

Back 68

composed of the body's most abundant protein (25% of protein) Tough and resistant to stretching, yet somewhat flexible

Front 69

Reticular Fibers

Back 69

consist of collagen and glycoprotein. They provide support in the walls of the blood vessels and form a strong, supporting network around adipose cells, nerve fibers and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers.